§3.1285bαὗται μὲν οὖν εἰσί τε καὶ ἦσαν διὰ μὲν τὸ δεσποτικαὶ εἶναι τυραννικαί, διὰ δὲ τὸ αἱρεταὶ καὶ ἑκόντων βασιλικαί· τέταρτον δʼ εἶδος μοναρχίας βασιλικῆς αἱ κατὰ τοὺς ἡρωικοὺς χρόνους ἑκούσιαί τε καὶ πάτριαι γιγνόμεναι κατὰ νόμον.
These, therefore, both are and were tyrannical because of being masterly, but royal because of being elective and over willing subjects; and a fourth species of royal monarchy is those which existed in the heroic times, being over willing subjects, hereditary, and established according to law.
διὰ γὰρ τὸ τοὺς πρώτους γενέσθαι τοῦ πλήθους εὐεργέτας κατὰ τέχνας ἢ πόλεμον, ἢ διὰ τὸ συναγαγεῖν ἢ πορίσαι χώραν, ἐγίγνοντο βασιλεῖς ἑκόντων καὶ τοῖς παραλαμβάνουσι πάτριοι.
For because the first leaders became benefactors of the multitude in arts or war, or because they gathered them together or acquired territory, they became kings over willing subjects, and hereditary for those who succeeded them.
κύριοι δʼ ἦσαν τῆς τε κατὰ πόλεμον ἡγεμονίας καὶ τῶν θυσιῶν, ὅσαι μὴ ἱερατικαί, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις τὰς δίκας ἔκρινον.
And they were sovereign over the leadership in war and over those sacrifices which were not priestly, and in addition to these things, they decided lawsuits.
τοῦτο δʼ ἐποίουν οἱ μὲν οὐκ ὀμνύοντες οἱ δʼ ὀμνύοντες· ὁ δʼ ὅρκος ἦν τοῦ σκήπτρου ἐπανάτασις.
And they did this, some without swearing an oath and others swearing; and the oath was the raising of the scepter.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων χρόνων καὶ τὰ κατὰ πόλιν καὶ τὰ ἔνδημα καὶ τὰ ὑπερόρια συνεχῶς ἦρχον· ὕστερον δὲ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν παριέντων τῶν βασιλέων, τὰ δὲ τῶν ὄχλων παραιρουμένων, ἐν μὲν ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν αἱ θυσίαι κατελείφθησαν τοῖς βασιλεῦσι μόνον, ὅπου δʼ ἄξιον εἰπεῖν εἶναι βασιλείαν, ἐν τοῖς ὑπερορίοις τῶν πολεμικῶν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν μόνον εἶχον.
Thus, in the ancient times, they ruled continuously both over matters in the city and domestic affairs and affairs beyond the borders; but later, as the kings themselves surrendered some of these rights, and the multitudes took away others, in some of the cities only the sacrifices were left to the kings, while where it is still worthy to speak of a kingship, they held only the leadership of military matters beyond the borders.
βασιλείας μὲν οὖν εἴδη ταῦτα, τέτταρα τὸν ἀριθμόν, μία μὲν ἡ περὶ τοὺς ἡρωικοὺς χρόνους (αὕτη δʼ ἦν ἑκόντων μέν, ἐπὶ τισὶ δʼ ὡρισμένοις· στρατηγός τε γὰρ ἦν καὶ δικαστὴς ὁ βασιλεύς, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς κύριος), δευτέρα δʼ ἡ βαρβαρική (αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἐκ γένους ἀρχὴ δεσποτικὴ κατὰ νόμον), τρίτη δὲ ἣν αἰσυμνητείαν προσαγορεύουσιν (αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν αἱρετὴ τυραννίς), τετάρτη δʼ ἡ Λακωνικὴ τούτων (αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ὡς εἰπεῖν ἁπλῶς στρατηγία κατὰ γένος ἀίδιος).
These, then, are the species of kingship, four in number: one indeed that of the heroic times (and this was over willing subjects, but for certain defined functions; for the king was both general and judge, and sovereign over things pertaining to the gods); second, the barbarian (and this is a hereditary masterly rule according to law); third, that which they call aisymneteia (and this is an elective tyranny); and fourth among these is the Laconian (and this is, to speak simply, an eternal generalship by descent).
αὗται μὲν οὖν τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον διαφέρουσιν ἀλλήλων·
These, therefore, differ from one another in this manner.
πέμπτον δʼ εἶδος βασιλείας, ὅταν ᾖ πάντων κύριος εἷς ὤν, ὥσπερ ἕκαστον ἔθνος καὶ πόλις ἑκάστη τῶν κοινῶν, τεταγμένη κατὰ τὴν οἰκονομικήν.
But there is a fifth species of kingship, when one person is sovereign over all things, just as each nation and each city is sovereign over public affairs, arranged according to the pattern of household management.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ οἰκονομικὴ βασιλεία τις οἰκίας ἐστίν, οὕτως ἡ παμβασιλεία πόλεως καὶ ἔθνους ἑνὸς ἢ πλειόνων οἰκονομία.
For just as household management is a kind of kingship over a house, so absolute kingship is a household management of a city and of one or more nations.
Σχεδὸν δὴ δύο ἐστὶν ὡς εἰπεῖν εἴδη βασιλείας περὶ ὧν σκεπτέον, αὕτη τε καὶ ἡ Λακωνική· τῶν γὰρ ἄλλων αἱ πολλαὶ μεταξὺ τούτων εἰσίν· ἐλαττόνων μὲν γὰρ κύριοι τῆς παμβασιλείας, πλειόνων δʼ εἰσὶ τῆς Λακωνικῆς.
Almost, then, so to speak, there are two species of kingship about which we must consider, this one and the Laconian; for most of the others are between these; for they are sovereign over fewer things than absolute kingship, but over more than the Laconian.
ὥστε τὸ σκέμμα σχεδὸν περὶ δυοῖν ἐστιν, ἓν μὲν πότερον συμφέρει ταῖς πόλεσι στρατηγὸν ἀίδιον εἶναι, καὶ τοῦτον ἢ κατὰ γένος ἢ κατὰ μέρος,
So that the inquiry is almost about two things: one, whether it is advantageous for cities to have an eternal general, and this either by descent or by turn,