§3.1285aῥᾴδιον δὴ τοῦτό γε καταμαθεῖν, ὅτι πλείω τε γένη περιέχει καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁ τρόπος ἐστὶν οὐχ εἷς πασῶν.
It is indeed easy to understand this, namely that kingship contains several genera and the manner of the rule is not one for all of them.
ἡ γὰρ ἐν τῇ Λακωνικῇ πολιτείᾳ δοκεῖ μὲν εἶναι βασιλεία μάλιστα τῶν κατὰ νόμον, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ κυρία πάντων, ἀλλʼ ὅταν ἐξέλθῃ τὴν χώραν ἡγεμών ἐστι τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον· ἔτι δὲ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ἀποδέδοται τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν.
For the kingship in the Laconian constitution seems indeed to be a kingship according to law most of all, but it is not sovereign over all things, but when the king goes out of the country, he is the leader of things pertaining to war; furthermore, things pertaining to the gods have been assigned to the kings.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἡ βασιλεία οἷον στρατηγία τις αὐτοκρατόρων καὶ ἀίδιός ἐστιν· κτεῖναι γὰρ οὐ κύριος, εἰ μὴ ἔν τινι καιρῷ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐν ταῖς πολεμικαῖς ἐξόδοις, ἐν χειρὸς νόμῳ.
This kingship, therefore, is like a kind of generalship of absolute commanders and is eternal; for the king is not sovereign to kill, except at some critical moment, as among the ancients in warlike expeditions, by the law of force.
δηλοῖ δʼ Ὅμηρος· ὁ γὰρ Ἀγαμέμνων κακῶς μὲν ἀκούων ἠνείχετο ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις, ἐξελθόντων δὲ καὶ κτεῖναι κύριος ἦν·
And Homer shows this; for Agamemnon, though he tolerated being spoken ill of in the assemblies, when they had gone out to battle he was sovereign even to kill.
λέγει γοῦν
"
ὃν δέ κʼ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης
οὔ οἱ
ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδʼ οἰωνούς· πὰρ γὰρ ἐμοὶ θάνατος. "
ἓν μὲν οὖν τοῦτʼ εἶδος βασιλείας, στρατηγία διὰ βίου, τούτων δʼ αἱ μὲν κατὰ γένος εἰσὶν αἱ δʼ αἱρεταί·
At any rate he says: "But whomsoever I shall see apart from the battle, there shall be no escape for him from dogs and birds; for death is in my hands." This, therefore, is one species of kingship, a generalship for life; and of these, some are hereditary and others are elective.
παρὰ ταύτην δʼ ἄλλο μοναρχίας εἶδος, οἷαι παρʼ ἐνίοις εἰσὶ βασιλεῖαι τῶν βαρβάρων.
And besides this, there is another species of monarchy, such as the kingships among some of the barbarians.
ἔχουσι δʼ αὗται τὴν δύναμιν πᾶσαι παραπλησίαν τυραννίσιν, εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ κατὰ νόμον καὶ πάτριαι·
And these all have power very close to tyrannies, but they are both according to law and hereditary.
διὰ γὰρ τὸ δουλικώτεροι εἶναι τὰ ἤθη φύσει οἱ μὲν βάρβαροι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἱ δὲ περὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν τῶν περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην, ὑπομένουσι τὴν δεσποτικὴν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲν δυσχεραίνοντες.
For because the barbarians are by nature more slavish in their characters than the Greeks, and those of Asia more so than those of Europe, they endure masterly rule without any discontent.
τυραννικαὶ μὲν οὖν διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτόν εἰσιν, ἀσφαλεῖς δὲ διὰ τὸ πάτριαι καὶ κατὰ νόμον εἶναι.
Therefore, they are tyrannical because of this sort of reason, but secure because of being hereditary and according to law.
καὶ ἡ φυλακὴ δὲ βασιλικὴ καὶ οὐ τυραννικὴ διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν.
And the guard too is royal and not tyrannical for the same reason.
οἱ γὰρ πολῖται φυλάττουσιν ὅπλοις τοὺς βασιλεῖς, τοὺς δὲ τυράννους ξενικόν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ νόμον καὶ ἑκόντων οἱ δʼ ἀκόντων ἄρχουσιν, ὥσθʼ οἱ μὲν παρὰ τῶν πολιτῶν οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς πολίτας ἔχουσι τὴν φυλακήν.
For the citizens guard the kings with arms, but a foreign force guards tyrants; for the former rule according to law and over willing subjects, but the latter over unwilling subjects, so that the former have their guard from the citizens, but the latter have it against the citizens.
δύο μὲν οὖν εἴδη ταῦτα μοναρχίας, ἕτερον δʼ ὅπερ ἦν ἐν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις Ἕλλησιν, οὓς καλοῦσιν αἰσυμνήτας.
These, then, are two species of monarchy, and another is that which existed among the ancient Greeks, whom they call aisymnetai.
ἔστι δὲ τοῦθʼ ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν αἱρετὴ τυραννίς, διαφέρουσα δὲ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς οὐ τῷ μὴ κατὰ νόμον ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ πάτριος εἶναι μόνον.
And this is, to speak simply, an elective tyranny, differing from the barbarian kingship not in not being according to law, but in not being hereditary only.
ἦρχον δʼ οἱ μὲν διὰ βίου τὴν ἀρχὴν ταύτην, οἱ δὲ μέχρι τινῶν ὡρισμένων χρόνων ἢ πράξεων, οἷον εἵλοντό ποτε Μυτιληναῖοι Πιττακὸν πρὸς τοὺς φυγάδας ὧν προειστήκεσαν Ἀντιμενίδης καὶ Ἀλκαῖος ὁ ποιητής.
And some held this office for life, and others until certain definite times or actions; for instance, the Mytilenaeans once chose Pittacus against the exiles of whom Antimenides and Alcaeus the poet were leaders.
δηλοῖ δʼ Ἀλκαῖος ὅτι τύραννον εἵλοντο τὸν Πιττακὸν ἔν τινι τῶν σκολιῶν μελῶν· ἐπιτιμᾷ γὰρ ὅτι
"τὸν κακοπάτριδα Πίττακον πόλιος τᾶς ἀχόλω καὶ βαρυδαίμονος ἐστάσαντο τύραννον μέγʼ ἐπαινέοντες ἀόλλεες"
.
And Alcaeus shows that they chose Pittacus as tyrant in one of his drinking songs; for he reproaches them that "the low-born Pittacus they set up as tyrant of that angerless and ill-starred city, greatly praising him in a body."