§3.1278aοὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ δοῦλοι τῶν εἰρημένων οὐδέν, οὐδʼ οἱ ἀπελεύθεροι.
For neither are slaves any of those mentioned, nor are freedmen.
τοῦτο γὰρ ἀληθές, ὡς οὐ πάντας θετέον πολίτας ὧν ἄνευ οὐκ ἂν εἴη πόλις, ἐπεὶ οὐδʼ οἱ παῖδες ὡσαύτως πολῖται καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες, ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν ἁπλῶς οἱ δʼ ἐξ ὑποθέσεως· πολῖται μὲν γάρ εἰσιν, ἀλλʼ ἀτελεῖς.
For this is true, that we must not set down as citizens all those without whom a city could not exist, since indeed children are not citizens in the same way as grown men, but the latter simply, while the former conditionally; for they are indeed citizens, but incomplete ones.
ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις χρόνοις παρʼ ἐνίοις ἦν δοῦλον τὸ βάναυσον ἢ ξενικόν, διόπερ οἱ πολλοὶ τοιοῦτοι καὶ νῦν· ἡ δὲ βελτίστη πόλις οὐ ποιήσει βάναυσον πολίτην.
In ancient times, therefore, among some peoples, the class of mechanical artisans was slave or foreign, which is why the majority of them are such even now; and the best state will not make a mechanical artisan a citizen.
εἰ δὲ καὶ οὗτος πολίτης, ἀλλὰ πολίτου ἀρετὴν ἣν εἴπομεν λεκτέον οὐ παντός, οὐδʼ ἐλευθέρου μόνον, ἀλλʼ ὅσοι τῶν ἔργων εἰσὶν ἀφειμένοι τῶν ἀναγκαίων.
But if this person also is a citizen, then the virtue of a citizen which we spoke of must be said to belong not to every citizen, nor even to every free man only, but to as many as are released from necessary tasks.
τῶν δʼ ἀναγκαίων οἱ μὲν ἑνὶ λειτουργοῦντες τὰ τοιαῦτα δοῦλοι, οἱ δὲ κοινοὶ βάναυσοι καὶ θῆτες.
And of those who perform necessary tasks, those who perform such services for a single individual are slaves, while those who do so for the public are mechanical artisans and day-laborers.
φανερὸν δʼ ἐντεῦθεν μικρὸν ἐπισκεψαμένοις πῶς ἔχει περὶ αὐτῶν.
From this, if we investigate a little, it is clear how things stand concerning them.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ πλείους εἰσὶν αἱ πολιτεῖαι, καὶ εἴδη πολίτου ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι πλείω, καὶ μάλιστα τοῦ ἀρχομένου πολίτου, ὥστʼ ἐν μὲν τινὶ πολιτείᾳ τὸν βάναυσον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ τὸν θῆτα πολίτας, ἐν τισὶ δʼ ἀδύνατον, οἷον εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἣν καλοῦσιν ἀριστοκρατικὴν καὶ ἐν ᾗ κατʼ ἀρετὴν αἱ τιμαὶ δίδονται καὶ κατʼ ἀξίαν· οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τʼ ἐπιτηδεῦσαι τὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς ζῶντα βίον βάναυσον ἢ θητικόν.
For since there are several constitutions, it is necessary that there are also several kinds of citizen, and especially of the ruled citizen; so that in one constitution the mechanical artisan and the day-laborer must of necessity be citizens, whereas in others this is impossible, as for example if there is any constitution which they call aristocratic and in which offices are given according to virtue and merit; for it is not possible to practice the things of virtue while living the life of a mechanical artisan or a day-laborer.
ἐν δὲ ταῖς ὀλιγαρχίαις θῆτα μὲν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται εἶναι πολίτην (ἀπὸ τιμημάτων γὰρ μακρῶν αἱ μεθέξεις τῶν ἀρχῶν), βάναυσον δὲ ἐνδέχεται· πλουτοῦσι γὰρ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν τεχνιτῶν.
But in oligarchies, though it is not possible for a day-laborer to be a citizen (for participation in offices depends on high property qualifications), it is possible for a mechanical artisan; for indeed many of the craftsmen are wealthy.
ἐν Θήβαις δὲ νόμος ἦν τὸν διὰ δέκα ἐτῶν μὴ ἀπεσχημένον τῆς ἀγορᾶς μὴ μετέχειν ἀρχῆς.
And in Thebes there was a law that anyone who had not abstained from the marketplace for ten years could not share in office.
ἐν πολλαῖς δὲ πολιτείαις προσεφέλκει τινὰς καὶ τῶν ξένων ὁ νόμος· ὁ γὰρ ἐκ πολίτιδος ἔν τισι δημοκρατίαις πολίτης ἐστίν, τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ἔχει καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς νόθους παρὰ πολλοῖς.
And in many constitutions the law also draws in some of the foreigners; for in some democracies, the son of a female citizen is a citizen, and the same rule also applies to illegitimate children among many peoples.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ διʼ ἔνδειαν τῶν γνησίων πολιτῶν ποιοῦνται πολίτας τοὺς τοιούτους (διὰ γὰρ ὀλιγανθρωπίαν οὕτω χρῶνται τοῖς νόμοις), εὐποροῦντες δὴ ὄχλου κατὰ μικρὸν παραιροῦνται τοὺς ἐκ δούλου πρῶτον ἢ δούλης, εἶτα τοὺς ἀπὸ γυναικῶν, τέλος δὲ μόνον τοὺς ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἀστῶν πολίτας ποιοῦσιν.
Nevertheless, since they make such people citizens because of a lack of genuine citizens (for they employ laws in this way because of underpopulation), when they have an abundance of population they gradually exclude first those born from a male or female slave, then those born from women, and finally they make only those born from two citizen parents citizens.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν εἴδη πλείω πολίτου, φανερὸν ἐκ τούτων, καὶ ὅτι λέγεται μάλιστα πολίτης ὁ μετέχων τῶν τιμῶν, ὥσπερ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησεν
"
ὡς εἴ τινʼ ἀτίμητον μετανάστην· "
ὥσπερ μέτοικος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ τῶν τιμῶν μὴ μετέχων.
That there are, therefore, several kinds of citizen is clear from these things, and that he is most of all said to be a citizen who shares in the honors, just as Homer also wrote: "like some dishonored resident alien"; for he who does not share in the honors is just like a resident alien.
ἀλλʼ ἐστὶν ὅπου τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐπικεκρυμμένον ἐστίν, ἀπάτης χάριν τῶν συνοικούντων ἐστίν.
But where such a thing is hidden, it is for the sake of deceiving those who dwell together.