§3.1278bπότερον μὲν οὖν ἑτέραν ἢ τὴν αὐτὴν θετέον, καθʼ ἣν ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός ἐστι καὶ πολίτης σπουδαῖος, δῆλον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων, ὅτι τινὸς μὲν πόλεως ὁ αὐτὸς τινὸς δʼ ἕτερος, κἀκεῖνος οὐ πᾶς ἀλλʼ ὁ πολιτικὸς καὶ κύριος ἢ δυνάμενος εἶναι κύριος, ἢ καθʼ αὑτὸν ἢ μετʼ ἄλλων, τῆς τῶν κοινῶν ἐπιμελείας.
Therefore, whether we must set down the virtue by which a man is good and a citizen is excellent as different or the same is clear from what has been said: namely, that in some states they are the same person, but in others different, and even in the former not every citizen, but only the statesman who is sovereign or capable of being sovereign, either by himself or with others, over the care of common affairs.
ἐπεὶ δὲ ταῦτα διώρισται, τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα σκεπτέον, πότερον μίαν θετέον πολιτείαν ἢ πλείους, κἂν εἰ πλείους, τίνες καὶ πόσαι, καὶ διαφοραὶ τίνες αὐτῶν εἰσιν.
And since these things have been defined, we must consider next whether we should set down one constitution or several, and if several, what they are and how many, and what their differences are.
ἔστι δὲ πολιτεία πόλεως τάξις τῶν τε ἄλλων ἀρχῶν καὶ μάλιστα τῆς κυρίας πάντων.
For a constitution is the ordering of a state's offices, both the others and especially the one that is sovereign over all.
κύριον μὲν γὰρ πανταχοῦ τὸ πολίτευμα τῆς πόλεως, πολίτευμα δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ πολιτεία.
For everywhere the governing body of the state is sovereign, and the governing body is the constitution.
λέγω δʼ οἷον ἐν μὲν ταῖς δημοκρατίαις κύριος ὁ δῆμος, οἱ δʼ ὀλίγοι τοὐναντίον ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχίαις, φαμὲν δὲ καὶ πολιτείαν ἑτέραν εἶναι τούτων.
I mean, for example, that in democracies the people are sovereign, while in oligarchies, on the contrary, the few are, and we say that these are different constitutions.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τοῦτον ἐροῦμεν λόγον καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
And we shall apply this same argument to the others as well.
ὑποθετέον δὴ πρῶτον τίνος χάριν συνέστηκε πόλις, καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς εἴδη πόσα τῆς περὶ ἄνθρωπον καὶ τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς ζωῆς.
We must therefore first lay down as a premise for what purpose a state is constituted, and how many kinds of rule there are over man and the community of life.
εἴρηται δὴ κατὰ τοὺς πρώτους λόγους, ἐν οἷς περὶ οἰκονομίας διωρίσθη καὶ δεσποτείας, καὶ ὅτι φύσει μέν ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος ζῷον πολιτικόν.
Now, it has already been said in our first discourses, in which household management and mastership were defined, that man is by nature a political animal.
διὸ καὶ μηδὲν δεόμενοι τῆς παρὰ ἀλλήλων βοηθείας οὐκ ἔλαττον ὀρέγονται τοῦ συζῆν·
Therefore, even when they have no need of assistance from one another, they no less desire to live together.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ κοινῇ συμφέρον συνάγει, καθʼ ὅσον ἐπιβάλλει μέρος ἑκάστῳ τοῦ ζῆν καλῶς.
Nevertheless, the common advantage also brings them together, in so far as a share of living well falls to each.
μάλιστα μὲν οὖν τοῦτʼ ἐστὶ τέλος, καὶ κοινῇ πᾶσι καὶ χωρίς· συνέρχονται δὲ καὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἕνεκεν αὐτοῦ καὶ συνέχουσι τὴν πολιτικὴν κοινωνίαν, ἴσως γὰρ ἔνεστί τι τοῦ καλοῦ μόριον καὶ κατὰ τὸ ζῆν αὐτὸ μόνον· ἂν μὴ τοῖς χαλεποῖς κατὰ τὸν βίον ὑπερβάλῃ λίαν, δῆλον δʼ ὡς καρτεροῦσι πολλὴν κακοπάθειαν οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γλιχόμενοι τοῦ ζῆν, ὡς ἐνούσης τινὸς εὐημερίας ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ γλυκύτητος φυσικῆς.
This, therefore, is the greatest end, both for all in common and for each separately; but they also come together for the sake of life itself, and they maintain the political community, for perhaps there is some portion of the beautiful even in living itself, unless it is exceedingly overwhelmed by the hardships of life; and it is clear that most men endure much suffering out of a clinging desire for life, as if there were in it a certain well-being and a natural sweetness.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς γε τοὺς λεγομένους τρόπους ῥᾴδιον διελεῖν· καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἐξωτερικοῖς λόγοις διοριζόμεθα περὶ αὐτῶν πολλάκις.
Moreover, it is also easy to distinguish the so-called modes of rule; for indeed we define them often in our external discourses.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ δεσποτεία, καίπερ ὄντος κατʼ ἀλήθειαν τῷ τε φύσει δούλῳ καὶ τῷ φύσει δεσπότῃ ταὐτοῦ συμφέροντος, ὅμως ἄρχει πρὸς τὸ τοῦ δεσπότου συμφέρον οὐδὲν ἧττον, πρὸς δὲ τὸ τοῦ δούλου κατὰ συμβεβηκός, οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται φθειρομένου τοῦ δούλου σῴζεσθαι τὴν δεσποτείαν.
For mastership, although in truth there is the same advantage for the slave by nature and the master by nature, nevertheless rules no less for the advantage of the master, and for that of the slave only accidentally, since it is not possible for mastership to be preserved if the slave is destroyed.
ἡ δὲ τέκνων ἀρχὴ καὶ γυναικὸς ἤτοι τῶν ἀρχομένων χάριν ἐστὶν ἢ κοινοῦ τινὸς ἀμφοῖν, καθʼ αὑτὸ μὲν τῶν ἀρχομένων, ὥσπερ ὁρῶμεν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας τέχνας,
But the rule over children and wife is either for the sake of the ruled or for some common benefit of both, but essentially for the sake of the ruled, just as we see in the case of the other arts.