§3.1275bτὰς γὰρ ἡμαρτημένας καὶ παρεκβεβηκυίας ἀναγκαῖον ὑστέρας εἶναι τῶν ἀναμαρτήτων (τὰς δὲ παρεκβεβηκυίας πῶς λέγομεν, ὕστερον ἔσται φανερόν).
For it is necessary that the erroneous and deviant constitutions are subsequent to those that are unerring (in what way we speak of deviant constitutions will be clear later).
ὥστε καὶ τὸν πολίτην ἕτερον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὸν καθʼ ἑκάστην πολιτείαν.
Consequently, the citizen under each constitution must also be different.
διόπερ ὁ λεχθεὶς ἐν μὲν δημοκρατίᾳ μάλιστʼ ἐστὶ πολίτης, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐνδέχεται μέν, οὐ μὴν ἀναγκαῖον.
Therefore, the citizen who has been described is most of all a citizen in a democracy, but in the others he may indeed be, but not necessarily.
ἐν ἐνίαις γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι δῆμος, οὐδʼ ἐκκλησίαν νομίζουσιν ἀλλὰ συγκλήτους, καὶ τὰς δίκας δικάζουσι κατὰ μέρος, οἷον ἐν Λακεδαίμονι τὰς τῶν συμβολαίων δικάζει τῶν ἐφόρων ἄλλος ἄλλας, οἱ δὲ γέροντες τὰς φονικάς, ἑτέρα δʼ ἴσως ἀρχή τις ἑτέρας.
For in some there is no populace, nor do they hold a regular assembly but only called meetings, and they decide lawsuits individually; for example, in Lacedaemon, one of the ephors decides some of the lawsuits concerning contracts and another decides others, while the elders decide those concerning homicide, and perhaps another office decides another kind.
οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ περὶ Καρχηδόνα· πάσας γὰρ ἀρχαί τινες κρίνουσι τὰς δίκας.
But it is not in the same manner also around Carthage; for certain offices decide all the lawsuits.
ἀλλʼ ἔχει διόρθωσιν ὁ τοῦ πολίτου διορισμός.
But the definition of the citizen admits of correction.
ἐν γὰρ ταῖς ἄλλαις πολιτείαις οὐχ ὁ ἀόριστος ἄρχων ἐκκλησιαστής ἐστι καὶ δικαστής, ἀλλὰ ὁ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὡρισμένος· τούτων γὰρ ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ τισὶν ἀποδέδοται τὸ βουλεύεσθαι καὶ δικάζειν ἢ περὶ πάντων ἢ περὶ τινῶν.
For in other constitutions it is not the indefinite ruler who is an assemblyman and juryman, but the one defined according to office; for to these, either to all or to some of them, has been assigned the function of deliberating and judging either about all matters or about some.
τίς μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὁ πολίτης, ἐκ τούτων φανερόν· ᾧ γὰρ ἐξουσία κοινωνεῖν ἀρχῆς βουλευτικῆς ἢ κριτικῆς, πολίτην ἤδη λέγομεν εἶναι ταύτης τῆς πόλεως, πόλιν δὲ τὸ τῶν τοιούτων πλῆθος ἱκανὸν πρὸς αὐτάρκειαν ζωῆς, ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν.
Who indeed the citizen is, is clear from these things; for one who has the power to share in an office of deliberation or decision, we already say is a citizen of this city, and the city, to speak simply, is the multitude of such persons sufficient for self-sufficiency of life.
ὁρίζονται δὲ πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν πολίτην τὸν ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον, οἷον πατρὸς ἢ μητρός, οἱ δὲ καὶ τοῦτʼ ἐπὶ πλέον ζητοῦσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ πάππους δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἢ πλείους.
But for practical use people define a citizen as one who is descended from citizens on both sides and not from one only, such as father or mother, while others seek this even further back, for example, to two or three or more grandfathers.
οὕτω δὲ ὁριζομένων πολιτικῶς καὶ ταχέως, ἀποροῦσί τινες τὸν τρίτον ἐκεῖνον ἢ τέταρτον, πῶς ἔσται πολίτης.
But when they define thus politically and quickly, some raise the difficulty how that third or fourth ancestor will be a citizen.
Γοργίας μὲν οὖν ὁ Λεοντῖνος, τὰ μὲν ἴσως ἀπορῶν τὰ δʼ εἰρωνευόμενος, ἔφη, καθάπερ ὅλμους εἶναι τοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν ὁλμοποιῶν πεποιημένους, οὕτω καὶ Λαρισαίους τοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν δημιουργῶν πεποιημένους· εἶναι γάρ τινας λαρισοποιούς.
Gorgias of Leontini, then, perhaps raising a difficulty and perhaps speaking ironically, said that just as mortars are those made by mortar-makers, so also Larisaeans are those made by the demiurges; for there are certain larisa-makers.
ἔστι δʼ ἁπλοῦν.
But it is simple.
εἰ γὰρ μετεῖχον κατὰ τὸν ῥηθέντα διορισμὸν τῆς πολιτείας, ἦσαν πολῖται· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ δυνατὸν ἐφαρμόττειν τὸ ἐκ πολίτου ἢ ἐκ πολίτιδος ἐπὶ τῶν πρώτων οἰκησάντων ἢ κτισάντων.
For if they participated in the constitution according to the described definition, they were citizens; for indeed it is not possible to apply the condition of being born from a citizen father or citizen mother to the first inhabitants or founders.
ἀλλʼ ἴσως ἐκεῖνο μᾶλλον ἔχει ἀπορίαν, ὅσοι μετέσχον μεταβολῆς γενομένης πολιτείας, οἷον Ἀθήνησιν ἐποίησε Κλεισθένης μετὰ τὴν τῶν τυράννων ἐκβολήν· πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐφυλέτευσε ξένους καὶ δούλους μετοίκους.
But perhaps that case rather holds a difficulty, as many as participated when a change of constitution occurred, such as Cleisthenes did at Athens after the expulsion of the tyrants; for he enrolled many foreigners and resident alien slaves into the tribes.
τὸ δʼ ἀμφισβήτημα πρὸς τούτους ἐστὶν οὐ τίς πολίτης, ἀλλὰ πότερον ἀδίκως ἢ δικαίως.
But the dispute against these is not who is a citizen, but whether unjustly or justly.
καίτοι κἂν τοῦτό τις ἔτι προσαπορήσειεν,
And yet indeed someone might still raise this further difficulty,