§3.1274bτῷ περὶ πολιτείας ἐπισκοποῦντι, καὶ τίς ἑκάστη καὶ ποία τις, σχεδὸν πρώτη σκέψις περὶ πόλεως ἰδεῖν, τί ποτέ ἐστιν ἡ πόλις.
For one who is examining the subject of constitutions, and what each is and of what character, almost the first inquiry is to see with respect to the city, what on earth the city is.
νῦν γὰρ ἀμφισβητοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν φάσκοντες τὴν πόλιν πεπραχέναι τὴν πρᾶξιν, οἱ δʼ οὐ τὴν πόλιν ἀλλὰ τὴν ὀλιγαρχίαν ἢ τὸν τύραννον· τοῦ δὲ πολιτικοῦ καὶ τοῦ νομοθέτου πᾶσαν ὁρῶμεν τὴν πραγματείαν οὖσαν περὶ πόλιν, ἡ δὲ πολιτεία τῶν τὴν πόλιν οἰκούντων ἐστὶ τάξις τις.
For now they dispute, some saying that the city performed the action, and others not the city but the oligarchy or the tyrant; and we see that the whole activity of the political philosopher and the legislator is concerned with the city, and the constitution is a certain order of those who inhabit the city.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ἡ πόλις τῶν συγκειμένων, καθάπερ ἄλλο τι τῶν ὅλων μὲν συνεστώτων δʼ ἐκ πολλῶν μορίων, δῆλον ὅτι πρότερον ὁ πολίτης ζητητέος· ἡ γὰρ πόλις πολιτῶν τι πλῆθός ἐστιν.
And since the city is one of the composite things, just like any other of the wholes that are constituted of many parts, it is clear that first the citizen must be sought; for the city is a certain multitude of citizens.
§3.1275aὥστε τίνα χρὴ καλεῖν πολίτην καὶ τίς ὁ πολίτης ἐστὶ σκεπτέον.
So we must consider whom one ought to call a citizen and who the citizen is.
καὶ γὰρ ὁ πολίτης ἀμφισβητεῖται πολλάκις· οὐ γὰρ τὸν αὐτὸν ὁμολογοῦσι πάντες εἶναι πολίτην· ἔστι γάρ ὅστις ἐν δημοκρατίᾳ πολίτης ὢν ἐν ὀλιγαρχίᾳ πολλάκις οὐκ ἔστι πολίτης.
For indeed the citizen is often disputed; for not all agree that the same person is a citizen; for there is someone who, being a citizen in a democracy, is often not a citizen in an oligarchy.
τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἄλλως πως τυγχάνοντας ταύτης τῆς προσηγορίας, οἷον τοὺς ποιητοὺς πολίτας, ἀφετέον· ὁ δὲ πολίτης οὐ τῷ οἰκεῖν που πολίτης ἐστίν (καὶ γὰρ μέτοικοι καὶ δοῦλοι κοινωνοῦσι τῆς οἰκήσεως), οὐδʼ οἱ τῶν δικαίων μετέχοντες οὕτως ὥστε καὶ δίκην ὑπέχειν καὶ δικάζεσθαι (τοῦτο γὰρ ὑπάρχει καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ συμβόλων κοινωνοῦσιν· πολλαχοῦ μὲν οὖν οὐδὲ τούτων τελέως οἱ μέτοικοι μετέχουσιν, ἀλλὰ νέμειν ἀνάγκη προστάτην, ὥστε ἀτελῶς πως μετέχουσι τῆς τοιαύτης κοινωνίας), ἀλλὰ καθάπερ καὶ παῖδας τοὺς μήπω διʼ ἡλικίαν ἐγγεγραμμένους καὶ τοὺς γέροντας τοὺς ἀφειμένους φατέον εἶναι μέν πως πολίτας, οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ λίαν ἀλλὰ προστιθέντας τοὺς μὲν ἀτελεῖς τοὺς δὲ παρηκμακότας ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον (οὐδὲν γὰρ διαφέρει·
Now those who obtain this title in some other way, such as made citizens, must be left aside; and the citizen is not a citizen by inhabiting somewhere (for both resident aliens and slaves share in the habitation), nor are those who participate in legal rights in such a way as both to submit to justice and to sue (for this belongs also to those who associate on the basis of treaties; indeed in many places not even do the resident aliens participate fully in these rights, but it is necessary to assign a patron, so that they participate in such an association in some incomplete way), but just as indeed children who are not yet registered due to age and old men who have been discharged must be said to be in some way citizens, yet not in an absolute sense but adding 'incomplete' in the case of the former and 'past their prime' (or some other such term) in the case of the latter (for it makes no difference; for what is meant is clear).
δῆλον γὰρ τὸ λεγόμενον). ζητοῦμεν γὰρ τὸν ἁπλῶς πολίτην καὶ μηδὲν ἔχοντα τοιοῦτον ἔγκλημα διορθώσεως δεόμενον, ἐπεὶ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀτίμων καὶ φυγάδων ἔστι τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ διαπορεῖν καὶ λύειν.
For we are seeking the citizen in the absolute sense and one who has no such defect needing correction, since indeed even concerning disenfranchised persons and exiles one can both raise such difficulties and solve them.
πολίτης δʼ ἁπλῶς οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρίζεται μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μετέχειν κρίσεως καὶ ἀρχῆς.
A citizen in the absolute sense is defined by nothing else more than by participating in judicial decision and office.
τῶν δʼ ἀρχῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι διῃρημέναι κατὰ χρόνον, ὥστʼ ἐνίας μὲν ὅλως δὶς τὸν αὐτὸν οὐκ ἔξεστιν ἄρχειν, ἢ διὰ τινῶν ὡρισμένων χρόνων· ὁ δʼ ἀόριστος, οἷον ὁ δικαστὴς καὶ ὁ ἐκκλησιαστής.
Of offices, some are divided according to time, so that for some of them it is not permitted for the same person to hold office twice at all, or only after certain defined times; but there is also the indefinite office, such as that of a juryman and a member of the assembly.
τάχα μὲν οὖν ἂν φαίη τις οὐδʼ ἄρχοντας εἶναι τοὺς τοιούτους, οὐδὲ μετέχειν διὰ ταῦτʼ ἀρχῆς· καίτοι γελοῖον τοὺς κυριωτάτους ἀποστερεῖν ἀρχῆς.
Perhaps then someone might say that such persons are not even rulers, nor do they participate in office because of this; and yet it is ridiculous to deprive those who are most sovereign of office.
ἀλλὰ διαφερέτω μηδέν· περὶ ὀνόματος γὰρ ὁ λόγος· ἀνώνυμον γὰρ τὸ κοινὸν ἐπὶ δικαστοῦ καὶ ἐκκλησιαστοῦ, τί δεῖ ταῦτʼ ἄμφω καλεῖν.
But let it make no difference; for the discussion is about a name; for that which is common to both juryman and assemblyman is nameless, as to what one ought to call both of them.
ἔστω δὴ διορισμοῦ χάριν ἀόριστος ἀρχή. τίθεμεν δὴ πολίτας τοὺς οὕτω μετέχοντας.
Let it indeed, for the sake of definition, be an 'indefinite office.' We define indeed as citizens those who participate in this way.
ὁ μὲν οὖν μάλιστʼ ἂν ἐφαρμόσας πολίτης ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς λεγομένους πολίτας σχεδὸν τοιοῦτός ἐστιν· δεῖ δὲ μὴ λανθάνειν ὅτι τῶν πραγμάτων ἐν οἷς τὰ ὑποκείμενα διαφέρει τῷ εἴδει, καὶ τὸ μὲν αὐτῶν ἐστι πρῶτον τὸ δὲ δεύτερον τὸ δʼ ἐχόμενον, ἢ τὸ παράπαν οὐδὲν ἔνεστιν, ᾗ τοιαῦτα, τὸ κοινόν, ἢ γλίσχρως.
The citizen then who would most of all apply to all those called citizens is roughly of this character; but we must not fail to notice that in things where the underlying subjects differ in species, and one of them is first, another second, and another next, there is either absolutely nothing common in them, insofar as they are such, or only weakly so.
τὰς δὲ πολιτείας ὁρῶμεν εἴδει διαφερούσας ἀλλήλων, καὶ τὰς μὲν ὑστέρας τὰς δὲ προτέρας οὔσας·
And we see that constitutions differ from one another in species, and some are subsequent and others are prior;