§5.1Νυνὶ δὲ πρῶτον πειράσομαι τῶν ζῴων διελέσθαι, ὁποῖα αὐτῶν προσήκει διαλλάττειν πρὸς τὸ εἶναι ἀνδρεῖα καὶ δειλὰ καὶ δίκαια καὶ ἄδικα.
Now I will first attempt to distinguish among the animals, which of them it is appropriate to differentiate in respect of being brave and cowardly, and just and unjust.
Διαιρετέον δὲ τὸ τῶν ζῴων γένος εἰς δύο μορφάς, εἰς ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, προσάπτοντα τὸ πρέπον ἑκατέρᾳ μορφῇ.
And the genus of animals must be divided into two forms, into male and female, assigning what is appropriate to each form.
§5.2Ἔστι δὲ ὅμοια.
And these are similar.
Ἐπιχειροῦμεν οὖν τρέφειν τῶν θηρίων προσηνέστερα καὶ μαλακώτερα τὰς ψυχὰς τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων, ἧττόν τε ῥωμαλεούμενα, τάς τε τροφὰς καὶ τὰς χειροηθείας μᾶλλον προσδεχόμενα.
Therefore, we try to rear the females of wild beasts as being gentler and softer in their souls than the males, and less vigorous, and more receptive to food and taming.
Ὥστε τοιαῦτα ὄντα εἴη που ἂν ἀθυμότερα τῶν ἀρρένων.
So that, being of such a character, they would presumably be more dispirited than the males.
§5.3Καταφανὲς δὲ τοῦτο ἐξ ἡμῶν πού ἐστιν, ὅτι ἐπὰν ὑπὸ θυμοῦ κρατηθῶμεν, δυσπαραπιστότεροί τε, καὶ μάλισταἐρρώμεθα πρὸς τὸ μηδαμῇ μηδὲν εἶξαι, ἐπὶ τὸ βιάζεσθαι δὲ καὶ πρᾶξαι φερόμεθα, πρὸς ὃ ἂν ὁ θυμὸς ὁρμήσῃ.
And this is presumably clear from ourselves, because when we are overcome by anger, we are harder to persuade, and we are especially strengthened so as not to yield in any way, and we are carried away toward using force and acting, toward whatever anger impels us.
§5.4Δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ κακουργότερα γίνεσθαι τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων, καὶ προπετέστερά τε καὶ ἀναλκέστερα.
And it seems to me that the females also become more mischievous than the males, and more headlong and weaker.
Αἱ μὲν οὖν γυναῖκες καὶ τὰ περὶ ἡμᾶς τρεφόμενα καὶ πάνυ που φανερὰ ὄντα· τὰ δὲ περὶ τὴν ὕλην πάντες ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ νομεῖς τε καὶ θηρευταὶ ὅτι τοιαῦτά ἐστιν οἷα προείρηται.
Now, women and the animals reared around us are presumably altogether obvious; and as for those in the wild, all herdsmen and hunters agree that they are such as has been said before.
§5.5Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τόδε δῆλον, ὅτι ἕκαστον ἐν ἑκάστῳ γένει θῆλυ ἄρρενος μικροκεφαλώτερόν ἐστι καὶ στενοπροσωπότερον καὶ λεπτοτραχηλότερον, καὶ τὰ στήθη ἀσθενέστερα ἔχει, καὶ ἀπλευρότερά ἐστι, τά τε ἰσχία καὶ τοὺς μηροὺς περισαρκότερα τῶν ἀρρένων, γονύκροτα δὲ καὶ τὰς κνήμας λεπτὰς ἔχοντα, τούς τε πόδας κομψοτέρους, τήν τε τοῦ σώματος ὅλην μορφὴν ἡδίω μάλιστ’ ἂν ἢ γενναιοτέραν, ἀνευρότερα δὲ καὶ μαλακώτερα, ὑγροτέραις σαρξὶ κεχρημένα.
Furthermore, this is also clear: that in each genus, the female has a smaller head than the male, a narrower face, a thinner neck, weaker breasts, and is flatter-ribbed, and has the hips and thighs fleshier than the males, and is knock-kneed and has thin shins, and more delicate feet, and the whole form of the body is pleasant rather than noble, and has weaker tendons and is softer, possessing moister flesh.
§5.6Τὰ δὲ ἄρρενα τούτοις ἅπασιν ἐναντία, τὴν φύσιν ἀνδρειοτέραν καὶ δικαιοτέραν εἶναι γένει, τὴν δὲ τοῦ θήλεος δειλοτέραν καὶ ἀδικωτέραν.
But the males are opposite to all these, their nature being in genus more brave and just, while that of the female is more cowardly and unjust.
Τούτων οὕτως ἐχόντων, φαίνεται τῶν ζῴων ἁπάντων λέων τελεώτατα μετειληφέναι τῆς τοῦ ἄρρενος ἰδέας.
These things being so, of all animals the lion seems to have shared most perfectly in the form of the male.
§5.7Ἔστι γὰρ ἔχων στόμα εὐμέγεθες, τὸ δὲ πρόσωπον τετραγωνότερον, οὐκ ἄγαν ὀστῶδες, τὴν ἄνω τε γένυν οὐ προεξεστηκυῖαν ἀλλὰ ἰσορροποῦσαν τῇ κάτω, ῥῖνα δὲ παχυτέραν ἢ λεπτοτέραν, χαροποὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐγκοίλους, οὐ σφόδρα περιφερεῖς οὔτε ἄγαν προμήκεις, μέγεθος δὲ μέτριον, ὀφρύν εὐμεγέθη, μέτωπον τετράγωνον, ἐκ μέσου ὑποκοιλότερον, πρὸς δὲ τὰς ὀφρῦς καὶ τὴν ῥῖνα ὑπὸτοῦ μετώπου οἷον νέφος ἐπανεστηκός.
For it has a large mouth, a face rather square, not overly bony, and the upper jaw not protruding but balanced with the lower, a nose thicker rather than thinner, bright, deep-set eyes, neither too round nor too long, of moderate size, a large brow, a square forehead, somewhat hollowed in the middle, and toward the brows and the nose there is as it were a cloud hanging from the forehead.
§5.8Ἄνωθεν δὲ τοῦ μετώπου κατὰ τὴν ῥῖνα ἔχει τρίχας ἐκκλινεῖς οἷον ἂν ἄσιλον, κεφαλὴν μετρίαν, τράχηλον εὐμήκη,πάχει σύμμετρον, θριξὶ ξανθαῖς κεχρημένον, οὐ φριξαῖς οὔτε ἄγαν ἀπεστραμμέναις· τὰ περὶ τὰς κλεῖδας εὐλυτώτερα μᾶλλον ἢ συμπεφραγμένα· ὤμους ῥωμαλέους, καὶ στῆθος νεανικόν, καὶ τὸ μετάφρενον πλατὺ καὶ εὔπλευρον καὶ εὔνωτον ἐπιεικῶς· ζῷον ἀσαρκότερον τὰ ἰσχία καὶ τοὺς μηρούς· σκέλη ἐρρωμένα καὶ νευρώδη, βάσιν τε νεανικήν, καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα ἀρθρῶδες καὶ νευρῶδες, οὔτε λίαν σκληρὸν οὔτε λίαν ὑγρόν.
And above the forehead along the nose it has hair inclining outward like a thistle-down, a moderate head, a sufficiently long neck, symmetrical in thickness, possessing yellowish hair, neither curly nor too bristling; the parts about the collarbones are looser rather than constricted; vigorous shoulders, and a powerful chest, and the upper back is broad, and reasonably well-ribbed and well-backed; an animal rather lean in the hips and thighs; legs strong and sinewy, and a vigorous step, and the whole body is well-jointed and muscular, neither too hard nor too soft.
§5.9Βαδίζον δὲ βραδέως, καὶ μεγάλα διαβαῖνον, καὶ διασαλεῦον ἐν τοῖς ὤμοις, ὅταν πορεύηται.
And walking slowly, taking large strides, and shaking its shoulders when it marches.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸ σῶμα τοιοῦτον· τὰ δὲ περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν δοτικὸν καὶ ἐλεύθερον, μεγαλόψυχον καὶ φιλόνικον, καὶ πραῢ καὶ δίκαιον καὶ φιλόστοργον πρὸς ἃ ἂν ὁμιλήσῃ.
The features concerning the body are such; and as for the soul, it is generous and liberal, magnanimous and competitive, and gentle and just and affectionate toward whatever it associates with.
§5.10Ἡ δὲ πάρδαλις τῶν ἀνδρείων εἶναι δοκούντων θηλυμορφότερόν ἐστιν, ὅτι μὴ κατὰ τὰ σκέλη· τούτοις δὲ συνεργεῖ καί τι ἔργον ῥώμης ἀπεργάζεται.
On the other hand, the leopard, among the animals thought to be brave, is more female-formed, except as regards its legs; but with these it cooperates and accomplishes some work of strength.
§5.11Ἔστι γὰρ ἔχον πρόσωπον μικρόν, στόμα μέγα, ὁφθαλμοὐς μικρούς, ἐκλεύκους, ἐγκοίλους, αὐτοὺς δὲ περιπολαιοτέρους· μέτωπον προμηκέστερον, πρὸς τὰ ὦτα περιφερέστερον ἢ ἐπιπεδώτερον· τράχηλον μακρὸν ἄγαν καὶ λεπτόν, στῆθος ἄπλευρον, καὶ μακρὸν νῶτον, ἰσχία σαρκώδη καὶ μηρούς, τὰ δὲ περὶ τὰς λαγόνας καὶ γαστέρα ὁμαλὰ μᾶλλον· τὸ δὲ χρῶμα ποικίλον, καὶ ὅλον ἄναρθρόν τε καὶ ἀσύμμετρον.
For it has a small face, a large mouth, small eyes, whitish and deep-set, but they are rather prominent; a longer forehead, more rounded than flat toward the ears; a neck too long and thin, a chest without prominent ribs, and a long back, fleshy hips and thighs, and the parts about the flanks and belly rather flat; and its color is variegated, and the whole is ill-jointed and asymmetrical.
§5.12Ἡ μὲν οὖν τοῦ σώματος ἰδέα τοιαύτη, τὰ δὲ περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μικρὸν καὶ ἐπίκλοπον καὶ ὅλως εἰπεῖν δολερόν.
Now the form of the body is such; as for the soul, it is small-minded, thievish, and, to speak generally, deceitful.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐκπρεπέστερα μετειληφότα ζῷα τῶν δοκούντων ἀνδρείων εἶναι τῆς τε τοῦ ἄρρενος ἰδέας καὶ τῆς τοῦ θήλεος εἴρηται.
Therefore, the animals which have shared most outstandingly in the form of the male and of the female, among those thought to be brave, have been described.
Τὰ δ' ἄλλα οἷα τυγχά· νει, ῥᾴδιον ἤδη μετιέναι.
And as for the other animals, of what sort they happen to be, it is now easy to pursue.
Ὅσα δὲ πρὸς τὸ φυσιογνωμονῆσαι συνιδεῖν ἁρμόττει ἀπὸ τῶν ζῴων, ἐν τῇ τῶν σημείων ἐκλογῇ ῥηθήσεται.
And whatever things from animals it is appropriate to understand for physiognomical study will be stated in the selection of signs.