§4.1Δοκεῖ δέ μοι ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα συμπαθεῖν ἀλλήλοις· καὶ ἡ τῆς ψυχῆς ἕξις ἀλλοιουμένη συναλλοιοῖ τὴν τοῦ σώματος μορφήν, πάλιν τε ἡ τοῦ σώματος μορφὴ ἀλλοιουμένη συναλλοιοῖ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἕξιν.
It seems to me that the soul and the body sympathise with one another; and the condition of the soul, when altered, alters at the same time the form of the body, and conversely, the form of the body, when altered, alters at the same time the condition of the soul.
Ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι ψυχῆς τὸ ἀνιᾶσθαί τε καὶ εὐφραίνεσθαι, καταφανὲς ὅτι οἱ ἀνιώμενοι σκυθρωπότεροί εἰσι καὶ οἱ εύφραινόμενοι ἱλαροί.
For since suffering and rejoicing belong to the soul, it is clear that those who suffer are more downcast and those who rejoice are cheerful.
§4.2Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἦν τῆς ψυχῆς λελυμένης ἔτι τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος μορφὴν μένειν, ἦν μὲν ἂν καὶ οὕτως ἡ ψυχή τε καὶ τὸ σῶμρα συμπαθῆ, οὐ μέντοι συνδιατελοῦντα ἀλλήλοις.
Therefore, if it were possible for the form upon the body still to remain when the soul was released, even so the soul and the body would be sympathetic, but they would not, however, continue together with one another.
Νῦν δὲ καταφανὲς ὅτι ἑκάτερον ἑκατέρῳ ἕπεται.
But as it is, it is clear that each follows the other.
Μάλιστα μέντοι ἐκ τοῦδε δῆλον γένοιτο.
This would become especially clear from the following.
§4.3Μανία γὰρ δοκεῖ εἶναι περὶ ψυχήν, καὶ οἱ ἰατροὶ φαρμάκοις καθαίροντες τὸ σῶμα καὶ διαίταις τισὶ πρὸς αὐτοῖς χρησάμενοι ἀπαλλάττουσι τὴν ψυχὴν τῆς μανίας.
For madness seems to be about the soul, and yet doctors, by purifying the body with drugs and additionally employing certain diets, release the soul from madness.
Ταῖς δὴ τοῦ σώματος θεραπείαις καὶ ἅμα ἥ τε τοῦ σώματος μορφὴ λέλυται καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ μανίας ἀπήλλακται.
Indeed, by treatments of the body, at the same time the form of the body is dissolved and the soul is released from madness.
§4.4Ἐπειδὴ οὖν ἅμα ἀμφότερα λύονται, δῆλον ὅτι συνδιατελοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις.
Since, therefore, both are dissolved together, it is clear that they continue together with one another.
Συμφανὲς δὲ καὶ ὅτι ταῖς δυνάμεσι τῆς ψυχῆς ὅμοιαι αἱ μορφαὶ τοῖς σώμασιν ἐπιγίνονται, ὥστ’ ἐστὶν ἅπαντα ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις τοῦ αὐτοῦ τινὸς δηλωτικά.
It is also manifest that forms similar to the capacities of the soul arise in the bodies, so that all things in animals are indicative of some same thing.
Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ὧν διαπράττεται τὰ ζῷα, τὰ μὲν ἴδια ἑκάστου γένους πάθη τῶν ζῴων ἐστί,τὰ δὲ κοινά.
And of many things that animals perform, some are states peculiar to each genus of animals, and others are common.
§4.5Ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἰδίοις ἔργοις τῆς ψυχῆς ἴδια τὰ πάθη κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς κοινοῖς τὰ κοινά.
Therefore, for the peculiar activities of the soul there are peculiar states in the body, and for the common activities there are common states.
Κοινὰ μὲν οὖν ἐστὶν ὕβρις τε καὶ ἡ περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια ἔκστασις.
Now, common states are pride and the ecstasy concerning sexual pleasures.
Τῶν μὲν οὖν λοφούρων κοινόν ἐστιν ὕβρις, τῶν δὲ ὄνων τε καὶ συῶν ἡ περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια ἕξις.
For pride is common to maned animals, while the state concerning sexual pleasures is common to asses and swine.
§4.6Ἴδιον δ’ ἐστὶν ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν κυνῶν τὸ λοίδορον, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ὄνων τὸ ἄλυπον.
On the other hand, peculiar is the railing in dogs, and the painlessness in asses.
Ὡς μὲν οὖν τὸ κοινόν τε καὶ τὸ ἴδιον χρὴ διελέσθαι, εἴρηται.
How, therefore, one must distinguish the common and the peculiar has been stated.
Δεῖ μέντοι πρὸς ἅπαντα πολλῆς συνηθείας, εἰ μέλλει τις αὐτὸς ἔσεσθαι ἱκανὸς περὶ τούτων ἕκαστα λέγειν.
However, for all things much experience is required, if one is to be capable of speaking about each of these things oneself.
§4.7Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ ὁρώμενα ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων λέγεται ἀναφέρεσθαι ἐπὶ τὰς ὁμοιότητας τάς τε ἀπὸ τῶν ζῴων καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν πράξεων γινομένας, καὶ ἰδέαι τινὲς ἄλλαι ἀπὸ θερμοτήτων καὶ ἀπὸ ψυχροτήτων γίνονται, ἔστι τε τούτων ἔνια τῶν ἐπιφαινομένων ἐπί τε τοῖς σώμασι μικραῖς διαφοραῖς κεχρημένα καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ ὀνόματι προσαγορευόμενα, οἷον αἵ τε ἀπὸ φόβων ὠχρότητες καὶ ἀπὸ πόνων (αὗται γὰρ ὀνόματί τε τῷ αὐτῷ κέχρηνται, καὶ διαφορὰν μικρὰν ἔχουσι πρὸς ἀλλήλας), μικρᾶς δὲ οὔσης τῆς διαφοράς οὐ ῥᾴδιον γινώσκειν ἀλλὰ ἢ ἐκ τῆς συνηθείας τῆς μορφῆς τὴν ἐπιπρέπειαν εἰληφότα, ἔστι μὲν οὖν καὶ τάχιστος καὶ ἄριστος ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιπρεπείας, καὶ ἔστι γε οὕτως τούτῳ χρώμενον πολλὰ διαγινώσκειν.
For since the things seen on bodies are said to be referred to similarities, both those derived from animals and those arising from activities, and since certain other appearances arise from heat and cold, and some of these appearing on bodies exhibit only small differences and are addressed by the same name, such as paleness from fear and that from labor (for these indeed use the same name and have a small difference from one another), and since the difference is small, it is not easy to recognize them except for one who has grasped the appropriateness from familiarity with the form; therefore, the method from appropriateness is both the fastest and the best, and by using this one can indeed distinguish many things.
§4.8Καὶ οὐ μόνον καθόλου χρήσιμόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν σημείων ἐκλογήν· ἕκαστον γὰρ τῶν ἐκλεγομένων καὶ πρέπειν δεῖ τοιοῦτον οἷον τὸ ἐκλεγόμενον θέλει.
And it is useful not only in general, but also for the selection of signs; for each of the selected signs must be appropriate to such as the selected thing intends.
§4.9Ἔτι τε κατὰ τὴν ἐκλογὴν τῶν σημείων, καὶ τῷ συλλογισμῷ, ᾧ δεῖ χρῆσθαι ὅπου ἄν τι τύχῃ, προστιθέντας τοῖς προσοῦσι τὰ προσήκοντα, οἷον εἰ ἀναιδής τε εἴη καὶ μικρολόγος, καὶ κλέπτης ἂν εἴη καὶ ἀνελεύθερος, καὶ κλέπτης μὲν ἑπομένως τῇ ἀναιδείᾳ, τῇ δὲ μικρολογίᾳ ἀνελεύθερος.
Furthermore, in the selection of signs and in the reasoning which one must use wherever any case may happen, one must proceed by adding the appropriate qualities to those already present; for example, if a man were both shameless and small-minded, he would also be a thief and illiberal—a thief in consequence of his shamelessness, and illiberal in consequence of his small-mindedness.
Ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν τοιούτων ἑκάστου δεῖ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον προσαρμόζοντα τὴν μέθοδον ποιεῖσθαι.
Therefore, in each of such cases, one must carry out the method by adapting it in this manner.