§2.8#1Λεκτέον δὴ πρῶτον μὲν διότι ἡ φύσις τῶν ἕνεκά τὸυ αἰτίων, ἔπειτα περὶ τοῦ ἀναγκαίου, πῶς ἔχει ἐν τοῖς φυσικοῖς· εἰς γὰρ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν ἀνάγουσι πάντες, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ τὸ θερμὸν τοιονδὶ πέφυκεν καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν καὶ ἕκαστον δὴ τῶν τοιούτων, ταδὶ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐστὶ καὶ γίγνεται·
We must first state why nature is among the causes which are for the sake of something, and then about the necessary, how it is in physical things; for everyone refers to this cause, saying that since the hot and the cold and each of such things is by nature of a certain character, these other things exist and come to be of necessity.
καὶ γὰρ ἐὰν ἄλλην αἰτίαν εἴπωσιν, ὅσον ἁψάμενοι χαίρειν ἐῶσιν, ὁ μὲν τὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὸ νεῖκος, ὁ δὲ τὸν νοῦν·
For even if they mention another cause, they only touch upon it and then let it go—one mentioning Friendship and Strife, another Intellect.
ἔχει δʼ ἀπορίαν τί κωλύει τὴν φύσιν μὴ ἕνεκά του ποιεῖν μηδʼ ὅτι βέλτιον, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ὕει ὁ Ζεὺς οὐχ ὅπως τὸν σῖτον αὐξήσῃ, ἀλλʼ ἐξ ἀνάγκης (τὸ γὰρ ἀναχθὲν ψυχθῆναι δεῖ, καὶ τὸ ψυχθὲν ὕδωρ γενόμενον κατελθεῖν· τὸ δʼ αὐξάνεσθαι τούτου γενομένου τὸν σῖτον συμβαίνει), ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ εἴ τῳ ἀπόλλυται ὁ σῖτος ἐν τῇ ἅλῳ, οὐ τούτου ἕνεκα ὕει ὅπως ἀπόληται, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο συμβέβηκεν—ὥστε τί κωλύει οὕτω καὶ τὰ μέρη ἔχειν ἐν τῇ φύσει, οἷον τοὺς ὀδόντας ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἀνατεῖλαι τοὺς μὲν ἐμπροσθίους ὀξεῖς, ἐπιτηδείους πρὸς τὸ διαιρεῖν, τοὺς δὲ γομφίους πλατεῖς καὶ χρησίμους πρὸς τὸ λεαίνειν τὴν τροφήν, ἐπεὶ οὐ τούτου ἕνεκα γενέσθαι, ἀλλὰ συμπεσεῖν;
But there is a difficulty: what prevents nature from acting not for the sake of something nor because it is better, but just as Zeus rains, not in order to make the corn grow, but of necessity (for what has risen must be cooled, and what has been cooled, having become water, must come down, and that the corn grows when this occurs is a coincidence); and similarly, if someone's corn is ruined on the threshing-floor, Zeus does not rain for the sake of this, namely, that it might be ruined, but this is a coincidence—so what prevents the parts in nature from being also like this, for instance, that the teeth should rise of necessity, the front teeth sharp and suitable for tearing, and the molars flat and useful for grinding food, since they did not come to be for the sake of this, but it was a coincidence?
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν, ἐν ὅσοις δοκεῖ ὑπάρχειν τὸ ἕνεκά του.
And similarly concerning the other parts in which there seems to be that which is for the sake of something.
ὅπου μὲν οὖν ἅπαντα συνέβη ὥσπερ κἂν εἰ ἕνεκά του ἐγίγνετο, ταῦτα μὲν ἐσώθη ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου συστάντα ἐπιτηδείως· ὅσα δὲ μὴ οὕτως, ἀπώλετο καὶ ἀπόλλυται, καθάπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγει τὰ βουγενῆ ἀνδρόπρωα.
Wherever, then, all things turned out just as if they had come to be for the sake of something, these were preserved, having been suitably constituted by spontaneity; but those which were not so, perished and continue to perish, just as Empedocles says of the 'ox-faced offspring of men'.
ὁ μὲν
οὖν λόγος, ᾧ ἄν τις ἀπορήσειεν, οὗτος, καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος τοιοῦτός ἐστιν· ἀδύνατον δὲ τοῦτον ἔχειν τὸν τρόπον.
This, then, is the argument by which one might be puzzled, and if there is any other of this kind; but it is impossible for it to be in this way.
ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάντα τὰ φύσει ἢ αἰεὶ οὕτω γίγνεται ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, τῶν δʼ ἀπὸ τύχης καὶ τοῦ αὐτομάτου οὐδέν.
For these and all things by nature come to be in this way either always or for the most part, but none of the things that are by luck or spontaneity do so.
οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ τύχης οὐδʼ ἀπὸ συμπτώματος δοκεῖ ὕειν πολλάκις τοῦ χειμῶνος, ἀλλʼ ἐὰν ὑπὸ κύνα· οὐδὲ καύματα ὑπὸ κύνα, ἀλλʼ ἂν χειμῶνος.
For it does not seem to be by luck or by coincidence that it rains often in winter, but it does if it rains under the Dog Star; nor does heat under the Dog Star, but it does in winter.
εἰ οὖν ἢ ἀπὸ συμπτώματος δοκεῖ ἢ ἕνεκά του εἶναι, εἰ μὴ σἷόν τε ταῦτʼ εἶναι μήτε ἀπὸ συμπτώμᾳτος μήτʼ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, ἕνεκά του ἂν εἴη.
If, then, they seem to be either by coincidence or for the sake of something, and if it is impossible for these to be either by coincidence or by spontaneity, they must be for the sake of something.
ἀλλὰ μὴν φύσει γʼ ἐστὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα πάντα, ὡς κἂν αὐτοὶ φαῖεν οἱ ταῦτα λέγοντες.
But surely all such things are by nature, as even those who say these things would themselves admit.
ἔστιν ἄρα τὸ ἕνεκά του ἐν τοῖς φύσει γιγνομένοις
καὶ οὖσιν.
Therefore, that which is for the sake of something is present in things that come to be and exist by nature.
ἔτι ἐν ὅσοις τέλος ἔστι τι, τούτου ἕνεκα πράττεται τὸ πρότερον καὶ τὸ ἐφεξῆς.
Moreover, in whatever things there is an end, the prior and the subsequent steps are done for the sake of this.
οὐκοῦν ὡς πράττεται, οὔτω πέφυκε, καὶ ὡς πέφυκεν, οὕτω πράττεται ἕκαστον, ἂν μή τι ἐμποδίζῃ.
Therefore, as it is done, so it is by nature, and as it is by nature, so is each thing done, unless something stands in the way.
πράττεται δʼ ἕνεκά του· καὶ πέφυκεν ἄρα ἕνεκά του.
But it is done for the sake of something; therefore, it is also by nature for the sake of something.
οἷον εἰ οἰκία τῶν φύσει γιγνομένων ἦν, οὕτως ἂν ἐγίγνετο ὡς νῦν ὑπὸ τῆς τέχνης· εἰ δὲ τὰ φύσει μὴ μόνον φύσει ἀλλὰ καὶ τέχνῃ γίγνοιτο, ὡσαύτως ἂν γίγνοιτο ᾗ πέφυκεν.
For instance, if a house were among the things that come to be by nature, it would come to be in the same way as it now does by art; and if things by nature came to be not only by nature but also by art, they would come to be in the same way as they are naturally constituted.
ἕνεκα ἄρα θατέρου θάτερον.
Therefore, one is for the sake of the other.
ὅλως δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὰ μὲν ἐπιτελεῖ ἃ ἡ φύσις ἀδυνατεῖ ἀπεργάσασθαι, τὰ δὲ μιμῖεται.
And in general, art completes what nature cannot bring to an end, and in other cases imitates it.
εἰ οὖν τὰ κατὰ τέχνην ἕνεκά του, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τὰ κατὰ φύσιν· ὁμοίως γὰρ ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τέχνην καὶ ἐν τοῖς κατὰ φύσιν τὰ ὕστερα πρὸς τὰ πρότερα.
If, then, things according to art are for the sake of something, it is clear that things according to nature are also; for the relation of subsequent to prior things is the same in things according to art and in things according to nature.