§4.5.88 ἔχει μὲν οὖν πάντα τὰ μαλάκια τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἴδιον, μάλιστα δʼ ἡ σηπία καὶ πλεῖστον· ὅταν γὰρ φοβηθῶσι καὶ δείσωσιν, οἷον φράγμα πρὸ τοῦ σώματος ποιοῦνται τὴν τοῦ ὑγροῦ μελανίαν καὶ θόλωσιν.
Therefore, all the mollusks have this peculiar part, but especially the cuttlefish and in the greatest quantity; for when they are frightened and fear, they make the blackness and turbidity of the liquid as it were a barrier before their body.
§4.5.99 αἱ μὲν οὖν τευθίδες καὶ πολύποδες ἔχουσιν ἄνωσθεν τὸν θολὸν ἐπὶ τῇ μύτιδι μᾶλλον, ἡ δὲ σηπία πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ κάτω· πλείω γὰρ ἔχει διὰ τὸ χρῆσθαι μᾶλλον.
Now, the teuthides and octopuses have the ink higher up rather on the so-called mytis, but the cuttlefish has it near the stomach below; for it has more of it because of using it more.
τοῦτο δʼ αὐτῇ συμβαίνει διὰ τὸ πρόσγειον μὲν εἶναι τὸν βίον αὐτῆς, μὴ ἔχειν δʼ ἄλλην βοήθειαν, ὥσπερ ὁ πολύπους τὰς πλεκτάνας ἔχει χρησίμους καὶ τὴν τοῦ χρώματος μεταβολήν, ἦ συμβαίνει αὐτῷ, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ τοῦ θολοῦ πρόεσις, διὰ δειλίαν.
And this happens to it because its life is near the ground, and it has no other assistance, whereas the octopus has its tentacles useful and the change of its color, which happens to it, just like the discharge of the ink, because of cowardice.
ἡ δὲ τευθὶς πελάγιόν ἐστι τούτων μόνον.
On the other hand, the teuthis is the only pelagic one of these.
§4.5.10πλείω μὲν οὖν ἔχει ἡ 10 σηπία παρὰ τοῦτο τὸν θολόν, κάτωθεν δὲ διὰ τὸ πλείω· ῥᾴδιον γὰρ προΐεσθαι καὶ πόρρωσθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλείονος.
Therefore, the cuttlefish has more ink because of this, and below because of its being more; for it is easy to discharge it even from a distance from a greater quantity.
γίνεται δʼ ὁ θολός, καθάπερ τοῖς ὄρνισιν ὑπόστημα τὸ λευκὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ περιττώματος γεῶδες, οὕτω καὶ τούτοις ὁ θολὸς διὰ τὸ μηδὲ ταῦτ ἔχειν κύστιν· ἀποκρίνεται γὰρ τὸ γεωδέστατον εἰς αὐτόν, καὶ τῇ σηπίᾳ πλεῖστον διὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ἔχειν γεῶδες.
And the ink is produced in these, just as the white earthy sediment on the residue in birds, so also the ink in these because of these also not having a bladder; for the earthiest part is separated into it, and in the cuttlefish in the greatest quantity because of its having the greatest quantity of earthy matter.
§4.5.11σημεῖον δὲ τὸ σήπιον τοιοῦτον ὄν· τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ μὲν 11 πολύπους οὐκ ἔχει, αἱ δὲ τευθίδες χονδρῶδες καὶ λεπτόν.
And a sign is the cuttlebone being of such a nature; for this the 11 octopus does not have, while the teuthides have a cartilaginous and thin one.
διʼ ἣν δʼ αἰτίαν τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἔχει τὰ δʼ ἔχει, καὶ ποῖόν τι τούτων ἔχει ἑκάτερον, εἴρηται.
And for what cause some do not have it while others have it, and what kind of these each has, has been said.
ἀναίμων δʼ ὄντων καὶ διὰ τοῦτο κατεψυγμένων καὶ φοβητικῶν, ὥσπερ ἐνίοις ὅταν δείσωσιν ἡ κοιλία ταράττεται, τοῖς δʼ ἐκ τῆς κύστεως ῥεῖ περίττωσις, καὶ τούτοις τοῦτο συμβαίνει μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἀφιέναι διὰ δειλίαν, ὥσπερ ἐκ κύστεως τοῖς ἐπουροῦσιν, ἡ δὲ φύσις ἅμα τῷ τοιούτῳ περιττώματι καταχρῆται πρὸς βοήθειαν καὶ σωτηρίαν αὐτῶν.
And since they are bloodless and because of this cooled and fearful, just as in some when they are afraid the stomach is disturbed, and in others the residue flows from the bladder, so also in these it happens of necessity that they discharge this because of cowardice, just as in those who urinate from the bladder, but nature at the same time uses such a residue for their assistance and safety.
§4.5.12ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ 12 μαλακόστρακα, τά τε καραβοειδῆ καὶ οἱ καρκίνοι, δύο μὲν ὀδόντας τοὺς πρώτους, καὶ μεταξύ τὴν σάρκα τὴν γλωσσοειδῆ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον, εὐθὺς δʼ ἐχόμενον τοῦ στόματος στόμαχον μικρὸν κατὰ μέγεθος τῶν σωμάτων, τὰ μείζω πρὸς τὰ ἐλάττω· τούτου δὲ κοιλίαν ἐχομένην, ἐφʼ ἧς οἵ τε κάραβοι καὶ ἔνιοι τῶν καρκίνων ὀδόντας ἔχουσιν ἑτέρους διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἄνω μὴ διαιρεῖν ἱκανῶς, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κοιλίας ἔντερον ἁπλοῦν κατʼ εὐθύ μέχρι πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον τοῦ περιττώματος.
And the malacostracans also, both the caridoids and the crabs, have 12 two primary teeth, and in between the tongue-like flesh, just as has been said before, and next to the mouth a small esophagus in proportion to the size of their bodies, the larger to the smaller; and next to this a stomach, on which the caridoids and some of the crabs have other teeth because of the upper ones not dividing the food sufficiently, and from the stomach a simple intestine extending straight as far as the outlet of the residue.
§4.5.1313 ἔχει δὲ καὶ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων ἕκαστον ταῦτα τὰ μόρια, τὰ μὲν διηρθρωμένα μᾶλλον τὰ δʼ ἧττον· ἐν δὲ τοῖς μείζοσι διαδηλότερά ἐστιν ἕκαστα τούτων.
13 And each of the testaceans also has these parts, some more differentiated and others less; and in the larger ones each of these is clearer.
οἱ μὲν οὖν κόχλοι καὶ ὀδόντας ἔχουσι σκληρούς καὶ ὀξεῖς, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, καὶ τὸ μεταξύ σαρκῶδες ὁμοίως τοῖς μαλακίοις καὶ μαλακοστράκοις, καὶ τὴν προβοσκίδα, καθάπερ εἴρηται, μεταξύ κέντρου καὶ γλώττης, τοῦ δὲ στόματος ἐχόμενον οἷον ὀρνιθώδη τινὰ πρόλοβον, τούτου δʼ ἐχόμενον στόμαχον· τούτου δʼ ἔχεται ἡ κοιλία, ἐν ᾖ ἡ καλουμένη μήκων, ἀφʼ ἧς συνεχές ἐστιν ἔντερον ἀπλῆν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον ἀπὸ τῆς μήκωνος· ἔστι γὰρ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ὀστρακηροῖς περίττωμα τοῦτο τὸ μάλιστα δοκοῦν εἶναι ἐδώδιμον.
Now, the snails also have hard and sharp teeth, just as has been said before, and the fleshy part in between, like the mollusks and malacostracans, and the proboscis, as has been said, between a sting and a tongue, and next to the mouth a kind of crop like that of birds, and next to this an esophagus; and next to this is the stomach, in which is the so-called mecon, from which is a continuous simple intestine having its origin from the mecon; for in all testaceans this part which seems most edible is residue.
§4.5.1414 ἔχει δʼ ὁμοίως τῷ κόχλῳ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ στρομβώδη, οἷον πορφύραι καὶ κήρυκες.
14 And the other turbinated ones also have them like the snail, such as the purple-fish and the trumpets.
ἔστι δὲ γένη καὶ εἴδη πολλὰ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων· τὰ μὲν γὰρ στρομβώδη ἐστίν, ὥσπερ τὰ νῦν εἰρημένα, τὰ δὲ δίθυρα, τὰ δὲ μονόθυρα.
And there are many genera and species of testaceans; for some are turbinated, like those just mentioned, others bivalve, and others univalve.