§4.5.1515 τρόπον δέ τινα καὶ τὰ στρομβώδη διθύροις ἔοικεν· ἔχει γὰρ ἐπιπτύγματ’ ἐπὶ τῷ φανερῷ τῆς σαρκὸς πάντα τὰ τοιαύτα ἐκ γενετῆς, οἷον αἵ τε πορφύραι καὶ κήρυκες καὶ οἱ νηρεῖται καὶ πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον γένος, πρὸς βοήθειαν.
15 In a certain way the turbinated ones also resemble the bivalves; for all such animals have from birth opercula over the exposed part of their flesh for protection, such as the purple-fish and trumpets and nerites and all such genus.
ᾖ γὰρ μὴ προβέβληται τὸ ὄστρακον, ῥᾴδιον ταύτῃ βλάπτεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν θύραθεν προσπιπτόντων.
For where the shell does not project in front, there it is easy to be damaged by things falling upon them from without.
§4.5.1616 τὰ μὲν οὖν μονόθυρα διὰ τὸ προσπεφυκέναι σώζεται τῷ πρανὲς ἔχειν τὸ ὄστρακον, καὶ γίνεται ἀλλοτρίῳ φράγματι τρόπον τινὰ δίθυρον, οἷον αἱ καλούμεναι λεπάδες· τὰ δὲ δίθυρα, οἷον κτένες καὶ μύες, τῷ συνάγειν, τὰ δὲ στρομβώδη τούτῳ τῷ ἐπικαλύμματι, ὧσπερ δίθυρα γινόμενα ἐκ μονοθύρων.
16 Now, the univalves, because of being attached to something, are saved by having their shell turned downwards, and become in a certain way bivalves by means of an external barrier, such as the so-called limpets; whereas the bivalves, such as pectens and mussels, by closing their shells, and the turbinated ones by this cover, becoming as it were bivalves out of univalves.
§4.5.17ὁ δʼ ἐχῖνος μάλιστα πάντων 17 ἀλεωρὰν ἔχει· κύκλῳ γὰρ τὸ ὄστρακον συνηρεφὲς καὶ κεχαρακωμένον ταῖς ἀκάνθαις.
But the sea-urchin has protection 17 most of all; for its shell is covered all around and palisaded with spines.
ἴδιον δʼ ἔχει τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων τοῦτο, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
And it has this peculiar feature among the testaceans, as has been said before.
§4.5.18τῶν δὲ μαλακοστράκων καὶ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων 18 συνέστηκεν ἡ φύσις τοῖς μαλακίοις ἀντικειμένως· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἔξω τὸ σαρκῶδες, τοῖς δ ἐντός, ἐκτὸς δὲ τὸ γεῶδες.
18 And the nature of the malacostracans and the testaceans is constituted oppositely to the mollusks; for in the latter the fleshy part is outside, but in the former it is inside, and the earthy part is outside.
ὁ δʼ ἐχῖνος οὐδὲν ἔχει σαρκῶδες.
But the sea-urchin has nothing fleshy.
πάντα μὲν οὖν ἔχει, καθάπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τἆλλα τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα στόμα τε καὶ τὸ γλωττοειδὲς καὶ κοιλίαν καὶ τοῦ περιττώματος τὴν ἔξοδον, διαφέρει δὲ τῇ θέσει καὶ τοῖς μεγέθεσιν.
Therefore, all the other testaceans also, as has been said, have a mouth, the tongue-like part, a stomach, and the outlet of the residue, but they differ in position and in sizes.
§4.5.19ὅν δὲ τρόπον ἔχει τούτων 19 ἓκαστον, ἔκ τε τῶν ἱστοριῶν τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα θεωρείσθω καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀνατομῶν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ὄ ψιν αὐτῶν σαφηνίζειν δεῖ μᾶλλον.
19 And in what manner each of these is situated, let it be observed both from the Researches on Animals and from the Dissections; for some things must be clarified by discourse, and others rather by the sight of them.
ἰδίως δʼ ἔχουσι τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων οἵ τʼ ἐχῖνοι καὶ τὸ τῶν καλουμένων τηθύων γένος.
But the sea-urchins and the genus of the so-called ascidians have a peculiar character among the testaceans.
§4.5.20ἔχουσι 20 δʼ οἱ ἐχῖνοι ὀδόντας μὲν πέντε καὶ μεταξύ τὸ σαρκῶδες, ὅπερ ἐπὶ πάντων ἐστὶ τῶν εἰρημένων, ἐχόμενον δὲ τούτου στόμαχον, ἀπὸ δὲ τούτου τὴν κοιλίαν εἰς πολλὰ διῃρημένην, ὡσπερανεὶ πολλὰς τοῦ ζῴου κοιλίας ἔχοντος.
20 For sea-urchins have five teeth and the fleshy part in between, which is present in all those mentioned, and next to this an esophagus, and from this the stomach divided into many parts, as if the animal had many stomachs.
κεχωρισμέναι μὲν γάρ εἰσι καὶ πλήρεις περιττώματος, ἐξ ἑνὸς δʼ ἤρτηνται τοῦ στομαέχου καὶ τελευτῶσι πρὸς μίαν ἔξοδον τὴν τοῦ πε ριττώματος.
For they are separate and full of residue, but they are suspended from a single esophagus and terminate at a single outlet of the residue.
§4.5.21παρὰ δὲ τὴν κοιλίαν σαρκῶδες μὲν οὐδὲν 21 ἔχουσιν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὰ δὲ καλούμενα ᾠὰ πλείω τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἐν ὑμένι χωρὶς ἕκαστον, καὶ κύκλῳ ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος μέλανʼ ἄττα διεσπαρμένα χύδην, ἀνώνυμα.
21 But besides the stomach they have nothing fleshy, as has been said, but the so-called eggs, several in number, each separate in a membrane, and around from the mouth certain black things scattered in a heap, which are nameless.
ὄντων δὲ πλειόνων γενῶν (οὑ γὰρ ἓν εἶδος τῶν ἐχίνων πάντων ἐστί) πάντες μὲν ἔχουσι ταῦτα τὰ μορια, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐδώιμα πάντες τὰ καλούμενα ᾠά, καὶ μικρὰ πάμπαν ἔξω τῶν ἐπιπολαζόντων.
And since there are several genera (for there is not one species of all sea-urchins), all have these parts, but not all have the so-called eggs edible, and they are altogether small except for those that are common.
§4.5.2222 ὅλως δὲ τοῦτο καὶ περὶ τἶλλα συμβέβηκε τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα· καὶ γὰρ αἱ σάρκες οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐδώδιμοι πάντων, καὶ τὸ περίττωμα, ἡ καλουμένη μήκων, ἐνίων μὲν ἐδώδιμμος ἐνίων δʼ οὐκ ἐδώιμος.
22 And in general this also happens concerning the other testaceans; for neither are the flesh of all similarly edible, nor is the residue, the so-called mecon, edible in some but not edible in others.
ἔστι δὲ τοῖς στρομβώδεσιν ἐν τῇ ἑλίκῃ τοῦτο, τοῖς δὲ μονοθύροις ἐν τῷ πυθμένι, οἷον ταῖς λεπάσι, τοῖς δὲ διθύροις πρὸς τῇ συναφῇ τὸ δʼ ᾠὸν καλούμενον ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐπὶ θάτερα ἡ ἔξοδος τοῦ περιττώματος τοῖς διθύροις.
And in the turbinated ones this is in the whorl, in the univalves at the bottom, such as in limpets, and in the bivalves near the hinge; and the so-called egg is on the right side, and on the other side is the outlet of the residue in the bivalves.
§4.5.2322 καλεῖται δ᾿ ᾠὸν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ὑπὸ τῶν καλούντων· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν οἷον τοῖς ἐναίμοις, ὅταν εὐθηνῶσιν, ἡ πιότης.
23 And it is not called egg correctly by those who call it so; for this is like the fat in blooded animals when they thrive.
διὸ καὶ γίνεται κατὰ τούτους τούς καιροὺς τοῦ ἐνιαυτού ἐν οἷς εὐθηνοῦσιν, ἔν τε τῷ ἔαρι καὶ μετοπωρῳ· ἐν γὰρ τῷ ψύχει καὶ ταῖς ἀλέαις πονοῦσι πάντα τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα, καὶ φέρειν οὐ δύνανται τὰς ὑπερβολάς.
Therefore it also arises during those seasons of the year in which they thrive, both in spring and in autumn; for in cold and in hot weather all the testaceans suffer, and they cannot bear the excesses.