§4.5.1τὰ δὲ καλούμενα 5 μαλάκια καὶ μαλακόστρακα πολλὴν ἔχει πρὸς ταῦτα διαφοράν· εὐθὺς γὰρ τὴν τῶν σπλάγχνων ἅπασαν οὐκ ἔχει φύσιν.
On the other hand, the so-called 5 cephalopods and crustaceans have a great difference from these; for they straightway lack the entire nature of the viscera.
ὁμοίως δʼ οὐδὲ τῶν ἅλλων ἀναίμων οὐδέν.
Likewise, neither do any of the other bloodless animals have it.
ἔστι δὲ δύο γένη λοιπὰ τῶν ἀναίμων, τά τʼ ὀστρακόδερμα καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐντόμων γένος.
There remain two other genera of bloodless animals, the testaceans and the genus of insects.
ἐξ οὐ γὰρ συνέστηκεν ἡ τῶν σπλάγχνων φύσις, οὐδὲν τούτων ἔχει αἷμα διὰ τὸ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτῶν εἶναί τι τοιοῦτον πάθος αὐτῆς· ὅτι γάρ ἐστι τὰ μὲν ἔναιμα τὰ δʼ ἄναιμα, ἐν τῷ λόγῳ ἐνυπάρξει τῷ ὁρίζοντι τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτῶν.
For none of these has blood, from which the nature of the viscera is constituted, because some such condition of its essence belongs to it; for that some are red-blooded and others bloodless will be present in the formula defining their essence.
§4.5.2ἔτι δʼ ὧν ἕνεκεν ἔχουσι τὰ 2 σπλάγχνα τὰ ἔναιμα τῶν ζῴων, οὐδὲν ὑπάρξει τοῖς τοιούτοις· οὕτε γὰρ φλέβας ἔχουσιν οὕτε κύστιν οὔτʼ ἀναπνέουσιν, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀναγκαῖον ἔχειν αὐτοῖς τὸ ἀνάλογον τῇ καρδία.
Furthermore, of the purposes for which red-blooded animals have 2 viscera, none will belong to such creatures; for they have neither veins nor a bladder, nor do they breathe, but it is only necessary for them to have the analogue of the heart.
τὸ γὰρ αἰσθητικὸν ψυχῆς καὶ τὸ τῆς ζωῆς αἴτιον ἀρχῇ τινὶ τῶν μορίων καὶ τοῦ σώματος ὑπάρχει πάσι τοῖς ζῴοις.
For the sensory faculty of the soul and the cause of life belong to all animals in some starting-point of their parts and body.
§4.5.3τὰ δὲ πρὸς 3 τὴν τροφὴν μόρια ἔχει καὶ ταῦτα ἐξ ἀνάγκης πάντα· οἱ δὲ τρόποι διαφέρουσι διὰ τούς τόπους ἐν οἷς λαμβάνουσι τὴν τροφήν.
On the other hand, these animals also all necessarily have the parts for 3 nourishment; but the modes differ because of the places in which they receive their nourishment.
ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν μαλάκια περὶ τὸ καλούμενον στόμα δύο ὀδόντας, καὶ ἐν τῷ στόματι ἀντὶ γλώττης σαρκῶδές τι, ᾧ κρίνουσι τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐδεστοῖς ἡδονήν.
For the cephalopods have two teeth around what is called the mouth, and in the mouth, instead of a tongue, a certain fleshy thing, by which they discern the pleasure in food.
§4.5.4ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα 4 τούτοις τοὺς πρώτους ὀδόντας ἔχει καὶ τὸ ἀνάλογον τῇ γλώττῃ σαρκῶδες.
Likewise, crustaceans also 4 have their front teeth in the same way as these, and the fleshy analogue of the tongue.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα πάντα τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔχει μόριον διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν τοῖς ἐναίμοις, πρὸς τὴν τῆς τροφῆς αἴσθησιν.
Furthermore, all testaceans also have such a part for the same cause as the red-blooded animals, namely for the perception of nourishment.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἔντομα τὰ μὲν τὴν ἐξιοῦσαν ἐπιβοσκίδα τοῦ στόματος, οἷον τό τε τῶν μελιττῶν γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν μυιῶν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον· ὅσα δὲ μή ἐστιν ἐμπροσθόκεντρα, ἐν τῷ στόματι ἔχει τὸ τοιοῦτον μόριον, οἷον τὸ τῶν μυρμήκων γένος καὶ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον.
Likewise also among insects, some have a proboscis extending from the mouth, such as the genus of bees and that of flies, just as has been said before; but those which are not front-stung have such a part in the mouth, such as the genus of ants and any other such.
ὀδόντας δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔχει τούτων, ἀλλοιοτέρους δέ, καθάπερ τό τε τῶν μυρμήκων καὶ τὸ τῶν μελιττῶν γένος, τὰ δʼ οὐκ ἔχει, ὅσα ὑγρᾷ χρῆται τῇ τροφῇ· πολλὰ §4.5.55 γὰρ τῶν ἐντόμων οὐ τροφῆς ἔχει χαέριν τοὺς ὀδόντας ἀλλʼ ἀλκῆς.
And some of these have teeth, though of a different kind, just like the genus of ants and that of bees, while others do not have them, namely those which use liquid nourishment; for many 5 of the insects have teeth not for the sake of nourishment but for defense.
τῶν δʼ ὀστρακοδέρμων τὰ μέν, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη καὶ ἐν τοῖς κατ᾿ ἀρχὰς λόγοις, τὴν καλουμένην ἔχει γλῶτταν ἰσχυράν, οἱ δὲ κόχλοι καὶ ὀδόντας δύο, καθάπερ τὰ μαλακόστρακα.
On the other hand, of the testaceans, some, as was said also in the introductory discourses, have what is called a strong tongue, and snails have also two teeth, just like the crustaceans.
μετὰ δὲ τὸ στόμα τοῖς μαλακίοις ἐστὶ στόμαχος μακρὸς, τούτου δʼ ἐχόμενος πρόλοβος οἷός περ τοῖς ὄρνισιν, εἶτα συνεχὴς κοιλία καὶ ταύτης ἐχόμενον ἔντερον ἀπλοῦν μέχρι τῆς ἐξόδου.
After the mouth, the cephalopods have a long esophagus, and next to this a crop such as birds have, then a continuous stomach, and next to this a simple intestine extending as far as the outlet.
§4.5.66 ταῖς μὲν οὖν σηπίαις καὶ τοῖς πολύποσιν ὅμοια καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι καὶ τῇ ἁφῇ τὰ περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν· ταῖς δὲ καλουμέναις τευθίσι δύο μὲν ὁμοίως αἱ κοιλιώδεις εἰσὶν ὑποδοχαί, ἧττον δὲ προλοβώδης ἡ ἑτέρα, καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν ἐκείνων διαφέρουσι διὰ τὸ καὶ τὸ σῶμα πᾶν ἐκ μαλακωτέρας συνεστάναι σαρκός.
6 Now, in the cuttlefish and octopuses, the parts around the stomach are similar both in their shapes and in their texture; but in what are called squids, there are likewise two stomach-like receptacles, but the second one is less crop-like, and they differ from the former in their shapes because their entire body is also constituted of softer flesh.
§4.5.77 ταῦτα δʼ ἔχει τὰ μόρια τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ ὄρνιθες· οὐδὲ γὰρ τούτων οὐδὲν ἐνδέχεται λεαίνειν τὴν τροφήν, διόπερ ὁ πρόλοβός ἐστι πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας.
7 And they have these parts in this manner for the same cause as birds; for neither is any of these able to grind its food, wherefore the crop is before the stomach.
πρὸς βοήθειαν δὲ καὶ σωτηρίαν ἔχει ταῦτα τὸν καλούμενον θολόν, ἐν χιτῶνι ὑμενώδει προσπεφυκότα, τὴν ἔξοδον ἔχοντι καὶ τὸ πέρας ᾖπερ ἀφιᾶσι τὸ περίττωμα τῆς κοιλίας κατὰ τὸν καλούμενον αὐλόν· οὗτος δʼ ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις.
And for assistance and safety, they have what is called the ink, adhering in a membranous tunic, which has its outlet and termination where they discharge the residue of the stomach through what is called the funnel; and this is on the under side.