§3.9.77 καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀνεσπάσθαι ἀυώτερον τὸν δεξιὸν νεφρὸν τὸ ἦπαρ ἅπτεται τοῦ δεξιοῦ νεφροῦ ἐν πᾶσιν· ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς γὰρ τὸ ἧπαρ.
7 And because the right kidney is drawn up higher, the liver touches the right kidney in all animals; for the liver is on the right side.
ἔχουσι δʼ οἱ νεφροὶ μάλιστα τῶν σπλάγχνων πιμελήν, ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν διὰ τὸ διηθεῖσθαι τὸ περίττωμα διὰ τῶν νεφρῶν· τὸ γὰρ λειπόμενον αἷμα καθαρὸν ὂν εὔπεπτόν ἐστι, τέλος δʼ εὐπεψίας αἱματικῆς πιμελὴ καὶ στέαρ ἐστίν.
The kidneys, of all the viscera, have the most fat, of necessity indeed because the residue is filtered through the kidneys; for the remaining blood, being pure, is easily concocted, and the final product of sanguineous concoction is soft fat and hard fat.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς πεπυρωμένοις ξηροῖς, οἷον τῇ τέφρᾳ, ἐγκαταλείπεταί τι πῦρ, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τοῖς πεπεμμένοις ὑγροῖς· ἐγκαταλείπεται γάρ τι τῆς εἰργασμένης θερμότητος μόριον.
For just as in parched dry substances, such as ashes, some fire is left behind, so also in concocted liquids; for some portion of the heat that has been produced is left behind.
διόπερ τὸ λιπαρὸν κοῦφόν ἐστι καὶ ἐπιπολάζει ἐν τοῖς ὑγροῖς.
Therefore, the oily matter is light and floats on the surface of liquids.
§3.9.8ἐν αὐτοῖς μὲν οὖν οὐ γί 8 νεται τοῖς νεφροῖς διὰ τὸ πυκνὸν εἶναι τὸ σπλάγχνον, ἔξω δὲ περιίσταται πιμελὴ μὶν ἐν τοῖς πιμελώδεσι, στέαρ δʼ ἐν τοῖς στεατώδεσιν· ἡ δὲ διαφορὰ τούτων εἴρηται πρότερον ἐν ἑτέροις.
Therefore, in the kidneys themselves, 8 fat is not produced because the viscus is dense, but on the outside there surrounds soft fat in those with soft fat, and hard fat in those with hard fat; the difference between these has been stated previously in other works.
§3.9.9ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν οὖν 9 πιμελώδεις γίνονται διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν ἐκ τῶν συμβαινόντων ἐξ ἀνάγκης τοῖς ἔχουσι νεφρούς, ἕνεκα δὲ σωτηρίας καὶ τοὺ θερμὴν εἶναι τὴν φύσιν τὴν τῶν νεφρῶν.
Therefore, of necessity indeed, 9 they become fatty for this cause, arising from what necessarily happens to those that have kidneys; but for the sake of preservation and to keep the nature of the kidneys warm.
ἔσχατοί τε γὰρ ὄντες ἀλέας δέονται πλείονος· τὸ μὲν γὰρ νῶτον σαρκῶδές ἐστιν, ὅπως ᾖ προβολὴ τοῖς περὶ τὴν καρδίαν σπλάγχνοις, ἡ δʼ ὀσφὺς ἄσαρκος (ἄσαρκοι γὰρ αἱ καμπαὶ πάντων)· ἀντὶ σαρκὸς οὖν ἡ πιμελὴ πρόβλημα γίνεται τοῖς νεφροῖς.
For being at the extremity, they require more warmth; for while the back is fleshy so as to be a shield for the viscera around the heart, the loins are fleshless (for the bending parts of all animals are fleshless); therefore, instead of flesh, the fat becomes a protection for the kidneys.
§3.9.10ἔτι δὲ διακρίνουσι καὶ πέττουσι τὴν ὑγρότητα 10 μᾶλλον πίονες ὄντες· τὸ γὰρ λιπαρὸν θερμὸν, πέττει δʼ ἡ θερμότης.
Moreover, they separate and concoct the moisture 10 better when they are fatty; for the oily matter is hot, and heat concocts.
διὰ ταύτας μὲν οὖν τὰς αἰτίας οἱ νεφροὶ πιμελώδεις εἰσίν, ἐν πάσι δὲ τοῖς ζῴοις ὁ δεξιὸς ἀπιμελώτερός ἐστιν.
For these causes, then, the kidneys are fatty, but in all animals the right one is less fatty.
αἴτιον δὲ τὸ τὴν φύσιν ζηρὰν εἶναι τὴν τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ κινητικωτέραν· ἡ δὲ κίνησις ἐναντία· τήκει γὰρ τὸ πῖον μᾶλλον.
The cause is that the nature of the right parts is dry and more active in motion; and motion is contrary, for it rather melts the fat.
§3.9.11τοῖς μὲν 11 οὖν ἄλλοις ζῴοις συμφέρει τε τοὺς νεφροὺς ἔχειν πίονας, καὶ πολλάκις ἔχουσιν ὅλους περίπλεως· τὸ δὲ πρόβατον ὅταν τοῦτο πάθῃ, ἀποθνήσκει.
Thus, for other 11 animals it is beneficial to have fatty kidneys, and they often have them entirely covered with fat; but when the sheep suffers this, it dies.
ἀλλʼ ἂν καὶ πάνυ πίονες ὦσιν, ὅμως ἐλλείπει τι, ἂν μὴ κατʼ ἀμφοτέρους, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸν δεξιόν.
But even if they are extremely fatty, some part nevertheless remains free of fat, if not in both, at any rate in the right one.
αἴτιον δὲ τοῦ νονμό ἢ μάλιστα τοῦτο συμβαίνειν ἐπὶ τῶν προβάτων, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν πιμελὼδεσιν ὑγρὸν τὸ πῖον, ὥστʼ οὐχ ὁμιοίως ἐγκατακλειόμενα τὰ πνεύματα ποιεῖ τὸν πόνον.
The cause of this disease, or of this happening especially in sheep, is that in those with soft fat, the fat is liquid, so that the pent-up gases do not cause pain in the same way.
§3.9.1212 τοῦ δὲ σφακελισμοῦ τοῦτʼ σἴτιόν ἐστιν· διὸ καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῖς πονοῦσι τοὺς νεφρούς, καίπερ τού πιαίνεσθαι συμφέροντος, ὅμως ἂν λίαν γίνωνται πίονες, ὀδύναι θανατηφόροι συμβαίνουσιν.
12 And this is the cause of mortification; wherefore also in humans who suffer from kidney disease, although fatness is beneficial, nevertheless if they become excessively fatty, fatal pains occur.
τῶν δ᾿ ἄλλων τοῖς στεατώδεσιν ἧττον πυκνὸν τὸ στέαρ ἢ τοῖς προβάτοις.
In other animals with hard fat, the fat is less dense than in sheep.
καὶ τῷ πλήθει πολὺ τὰ πρὸβατα ὑπερβάλλει· γίνεται γὰρ περίνεφρα τάχιστα τῶν ζῴων τὰ πρόβατα πάντων.
And in quantity, sheep far surpass them; for sheep become fat-kidneyed the quickest of all animals.
§3.9.1313 ἐγκατακλειομένης οὖν τῆς ὑγρότητος καὶ τῶν πνευμάτων διὰ τὸν σφακελισμὸν ἀναιροῦνται ταχέως· διὰ γὰρ τῆς ἀορτῆς καὶ τῆς φλεβὸς εὐθὺς ἀπαντᾷ τὸ πάθος πρὸς τὴν καρδίαν· οἱ δὲ πόροι συνεχεῖς ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν φλεβῶν εἰσὶ πρὸς τοὺς νεφρούς.
13 Therefore, since the moisture and gases are pent up, they are quickly destroyed because of the mortification; for through the aorta and the vein the affection immediately reaches the heart; and the ducts from these vessels are continuous to the kidneys.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς καρδίας καὶ πλεύμονος εἴρηται, καὶ περὶ ἥπατος καὶ σπληνὸς καὶ νεφρῶν.
So, we have spoken of the heart and lung, and of the liver, spleen, and kidneys.