§3.9.1Ὁμοίως δʼ ἔχει καὶ περὶ νεφρῶν.
Similarly, the case is the same with regard to the kidneys.
οὐδὲ γὰρ νεφροὺς 9 φρσὺς οὔτε τῶν πτερωτῶν καὶ λεπιδωτῶν οὐδὲν ἔχει οὕτε τῶν φολιδωτῶν, πλὴν αἱ θαλάττιαι χελῶναι καὶ αἱ χερσαῖαι· ἀλλʼ ὡς τῆς εἰς τοὺς νεφροὺς τεταγμένης σαρκὸς οὐκ ἐχούσης χήραν ἀλλὰ διεσπαρμένης εἰς πολλά.
For none of the winged or fine-scaled animals, nor any of those with horny scales, has kidneys, except for the sea and land turtles; but it is as though the flesh allocated for the kidneys has no room, but is dispersed into many parts.
πλατέα νεφροειδῆ ἐν ἐνίοις τῶν ὁρνίθων ἐστίν.
There are flat, kidney-like structures in some birds.
ἡ δʼ ἑμὺς οὔτε κύστιν οὕτε νεφροὺς ἔχει· διὰ τὴν μαλακὸτητα γὰρ τοῦ χελωνίου εὐδιάπνουν γίνεται ὸ ὑγρόν.
But the pond turtle has neither bladder nor kidneys; for because of the softness of its shell, the moisture easily transpires.
§3.9.2ἡ μὲν οὖν ἑμὺς διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν 2 οὐκ ἔχει τῶν μορίων οὐδέτερον·
Thus, the pond turtle, for this reason, 2 has neither of these parts.
τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις ζῴοις τοῖς ἔχουσιν ἔναιμον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸν πλεύμονα πᾶσι συμβέβηκεν ἔχειν νεφρούς.
On the other hand, in all other animals that have, as has been said, a sanguineous lung, it is an attribute to have kidneys.
καταχρῆται γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἅμα τῶν τε φλεβῶν χάριν καὶ πρὸς τὴν τού ὑγροῦ περιττώματος ἔκκρισιν φέρει γὰρ εἰς αὐτοὺς πόρος ἐκ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβός.
For nature makes use of them at once for the sake of the veins and for the excretion of the liquid residue; for a duct leads to them from the great vein.
§3.9.3ἔχουσι δʼ οἱ νεφροὶ 3 πάντες κοῖλον, ἢ πλεῖον ἢ ἔλαττον, πλὴν οἱ τῆς φώκης· οὗτοι δʼ ὅμοιοι τοῖς βοείοις ὄντες στερεώτατοι πάντων εἰσίν, ὅμοιοι δὲ καὶ οἱ τού ἀνθρώπου τοῖς βοείοις· εἰσὶ γὰρ ὡσπερ συγκείμενοι ἐκ πολλῶν νεφρῶν μικρῶν καὶ οὐχ ὁμαλεῖς, ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν προβάτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τετραπόδων.
All kidneys have a cavity, 3 either larger or smaller, except those of the seal; these, being similar to those of cattle, are the most solid of all, and those of man are also similar to those of cattle; for they are, as it were, composed of many small kidneys and are not smooth like those of sheep and other quadrupeds.
διὸ καὶ τὸ ἀρρώστημα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δυσαπάλλακτον αὐτῶν ἐστίν, ἂν ἅπαξ νοσήσωσιν· συμβαίνει γὰρ ὥσπερ πολλοὺς νεφροὺς νοσούντων χαλεπωτέραν εἶναι τὴν ἴασιν ἢ τῶν ἕνα νοσούντων.
Therefore, disease of the kidneys in humans is difficult to get rid of, if they once fall ill; for it happens as if many kidneys are diseased, making the cure more difficult than that of those where only one is diseased.
§3.9.44 ὁ δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς φλεβὸς τείνων πόρος οὐκ εἰς τὸ κοῖλον τῶν νεφρῶν κατατελευτᾷ, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς τὸ σῶμα καταναλίσκεται τῶν νεφρῶν· διόπερ ἐν τοῖς κοίλοις αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐγγίνεται αἷμα, οὐδὲ πήγνυται τελευτώντων.
4 And the duct that extends from the vein does not terminate in the cavity of the kidneys, but is expended into the body of the kidneys; wherefore in their cavities no blood is produced, nor does it coagulate when they die.
§3.9.55 ἐκ δὲ τού κοίλου τῶν νεφρῶν φέρουσι πόροι ἄναιμοι εἰς τὴν κύστιν δύο νεανικοί, ἐξ ἑκατέρου εἶς, καὶ ἄλλοι ἐκ τῆς ἀορτῆς ἰσχυροὶ καὶ συνεχεῖς.
5 From the cavity of the kidneys, two strong, bloodless ducts, one from each, lead to the bladder, and other strong and continuous ones from the aorta.
ταῦτα δʼ ἔχει τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον, ὅπως ἐκ μὲν τῆς φλεβὸς τὸ περίττωμα τῆς ὑγρότητος βαδίζῃ εἰς τοὺς νεφρούς, ἐκ δὲ τῶν νεφρῶν ἡ γινομένη ὑπόστασις διηθουμένων τῶν ὑγρῶν διὰ τού σύματος τῶν νεφρῶν εἰς τὸ μέσον συρρέῃ, οὐ τὸ κοῖλον οἱ πλεῖστοι ἔχουσιν αὐτῶν· διὸ καὶ δυσωδέστατον τοῦτο τῶν σπλάγχνων ἐστίν.
These parts are arranged in this way so that the residue of moisture may pass from the vein into the kidneys, and from the kidneys the sediment that is produced, as the liquids are filtered through the body of the kidneys, may flow together into the middle, where most of them have their cavity; wherefore this is the most foul-smelling of the viscera.
ἐκ δὲ τοῦ μέσου διὰ τούτων τῶν πόρων εἰς τὴν κύστιν ἤδη μᾶλλον ὡς περίττωμα ἀποκρίνεται.
And from the middle, it is already excreted rather as residue through these ducts into the bladder.
§3.9.66 καθώρμισται δʼ ἡ κύστις ἐκ τῶν νεφρῶν· τείνουσι γάρ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, πόροι ἰσχυροὶ πρὸς αὐτήν·
6 And the bladder is moored to the kidneys; for, as has been said, strong ducts extend to it.
οἱ μὲν οὖν νεφροὶ διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας εἰσί, καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ἔχουσι τὰς εἰρημένας.
The kidneys, then, exist for these causes, and have the powers that have been mentioned.
ἐν πᾶσι δὲ τοῖς ἔχουσι νεφροὺς ὁ δεξιὸς ἀνωτέρω τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἐστίν· διὰ γὰρ τὸ τὴν κίνησιν εἶναι ἐκ τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἰσχυροτέραν διὰ ταῦτʼ εἶναι τὴν φύσιν τὴν τῶν δεξιῶν, δεῖ προοδοποιήσασσθαι διὰ τὴν κίνησιν πρὸς τὸ ἄνω πάντα τὰ μόρια μᾶλλον, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν ὀφρὺν τὴν δεξιὰν αἴρουσι μᾶλλον καὶ ἐπικεκαμμένην ἔχουσι τῆς ἀριστερᾶς μᾶλλον.
In all animals that have kidneys, the right one is higher than the left; for because motion starts from the right side and is stronger, and because for this reason the nature of the right parts is of this kind, all the parts must make way rather upwards because of the motion, since indeed people also raise the right eyebrow more and have it more curved than the left.