§3.10.110 τυγχάνει δὲ ταῦτα κεχωσρισμένα ἀλλήλων τῷ διαζώματι.
10 These happen to be separated from one another by the midriff.
τοῦτο δὲ τὸ διάζωμα καλοῦσί τινες φρένας· ὃ διορίζει τόν τε πλεύμονα καὶ τὴν καρδίαν.
Some call this midriff the phrenes; it partitions off both the lung and the heart.
καλεῖται δὲ τοῦτο τὸ διάζωμα ἐν τοῖς ἐναίμοις, ὥσπερ καὶ εῖρηται, φρένες.
This midriff is called phrenes in blooded animals, as has indeed been said.
χεῖ δὲ πάντα τὰ ἔναιμα αὐτὸ, καθάπερ καρδίαν καὶ ἧπαρ.
And all blooded animals have it, just like the heart and the liver.
§3.10.22 τούτου δʼ αἴτιον ὅτι τοῦ διορισμοῦ χάριν ἐστὶ τοὺ τε περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν τόπου καὶ τοῦ περὶ τὴν καρδίαν, ὅπως ἡ τῆς αἰσθητικῆς ψυχῆς ἀρχὴ ἀπαθὴς ᾖ καὶ μὴ ταχὺ καταλαμβάνηται διὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς τροφῆς γινομένην ἀναθυμίασιν καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς ἐπεισάκτου θερμότητος.
2 The cause of this is that it exists for the sake of partitioning the region around the stomach and that around the heart, so that the starting-point of the sensory soul may remain unaffected and not be quickly overwhelmed because of the vapor arising from food and the abundance of imported heat.
ἐπὶ γὰρ τοῦτο διέλαβεν ἡ φύσις, οἷον παροικοδόμημα ποιήσασα καὶ ψραγμὸν τὰς φρένας, καὶ διεῖλε τὸ τε τιμιώτερον καὶ τὸ ἀτιμότερον, ἐν ὅσοις ἐνδέχεται διελεῖν τὸ ἄνω καὶ κάτω· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄνω ἐστὶν οὖ ἕνεκεν καὶ βέλτιον, τὸ δὲ κάτω τὸ τούτου ἕνεκεν καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, τὸ τῆς τροφῆς δεκτικόν.
For nature partitioned them for this purpose, having made the phrenes as it were an outer wall and a barrier, and she divided the more honorable part and the less honorable part, in all those in which it is possible to divide the upper and the lower; for the upper is that for the sake of which and is better, while the lower is that which is for the sake of this and is necessary, being receptive of food.
§3.10.3ἔστι δὲ τὸ διάζωμα πρὸς μὲν τὰς 3 πλευρὰς σαρκωδέστερον καὶ ἰσχυρότερον, κατὰ μέσον δʼ ὑμενωδέστερον· οὕτω γὰρ πρὸς τὴν ἐσχὺν καὶ τὴν τάσιν χρησιμήτερον.
The midriff is, toward the ribs, more fleshy and stronger, but in the middle more membranous; for in this way it is more useful for strength and tension.
διότι δὲ πρὸς τὴν θερμότητα τὴν κάτωθεν οἷον παραφυάδες εἰσί, σημεῖον ἐκ τῶν συμβαινόντων· ὅταν γὰρ διὰ τὴν γειτνίασιν ἑλκύσωσιν ὑγρότητα θερμὴν καὶ περιττωματικὴν, εὐθὺς ἐπιδήλως ταράττει τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὴν αἴσθησιν, διὸ καὶ καλοῦνται φρένες ὡς μετέχουσαί τι τού φρονεῖν.
And that they are, as it were, offshoots against the heat from below, is indicated by what happens; for whenever, owing to proximity, they draw up warm and residual moisture, they immediately and visibly disturb thought and sensation, which is why they are also called phrenes as though having some share in thinking.
§3.10.4αἱ δὲ μετέχουσι μὲν οὐδέν, ἐγγὺς δʼ οὖσαι 4 τῶν μετεχόντων ἐπίδηλον ποιοῦσι τὴν μεταβολὴν τῆς διανοίας.
Yet they themselves have no share in it, but being near those that do, they make the change of thought visible.
διὸ καὶ λεπταὶ κατὰ μέσον εἰσίν, ο μόνον ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ὅτι σαρκώδεις οὔσας τὰ πρὸς τὰς πλευρὰς ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι σαρκωδεστέρας, ἀλλʼ ἵνʼ ὅτι ὀλιγίστης μετέχωσιν ἰκμάδος· σαρκώδεις γὰρ ἂν οὖσαι καὶ εἶχον καὶ εἷλκον μᾶλλον ἰκμάδα πολλήν.
Therefore, they are thin in the middle, not only of necessity—because since they are fleshy, the parts toward the ribs must of necessity be fleshier—but also so that they may contain as little moisture as possible; for if they were fleshy, they would both hold and attract more moisture.
§3.10.5ὅτι 5 δὲ θερμαινόμεναι ταχέως ἐπίδηλον ποιοῦσι τὴν αἴσθησιν, σημαίνει καὶ τὸ περὶ τοὺς γέλωτας συμβαῖνον.
And that when they are heated they quickly make the sensation visible is also indicated by what happens in the case of laughter.
γαργαλιζόμενοί τε γὰρ ταχύ γελῶσι, διὰ τὸ τὴν κίνησιν ἀφικνεῖσθαι ταχὺ πρὸς τὸν τόπον τοῦτον.
For when people are tickled they laugh quickly, because the movement quickly reaches this place.
θερμαίνουσι δʼ ἡρέμα, ποιεῖν ὅμως ἐπίδηλον καὶ κινεῖν τὴν διάνοιαν παρὰ τὴν προαίρεσιν.
They heat it gently, but nevertheless make it visible and move thought contrary to one's choice.
§3.10.6τοῦ δὲ 6 γαργαλίζεσθαι μόνον ἅνθρωπον σἴτιον ἡ τε λεπτότης τοῦ δέρματος καὶ τὸ μόνον γελᾶν τῶν ζῴων ἄνθρωπον.
The cause of humans alone being tickled is the thinness of their skin, and the fact that of all animals humans alone laugh.
ὁ δὲ γαργαλισμὸς γέλως ἐστὶ διὰ Uκνήσεως τοιαύτης τοὺ μορίου τού περὶ τὴν μασχάλην.
And tickling is laughter through such a movement of the part around the armpit.
§3.10.7συμβαίνειν 7 δέ φασι καὶ περὶ τὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις πληγὰς εἰς τὸν τόπον τὸν περὶ τὰς φρένας γέλωτα διὰ τὴν ἐκ τῆς πληγῆς γινομένην θερμότητα.
They also say that in the case of blows in battles to the region around the phrenes, laughter occurs because of the heat generated by the blow.
τοῦτο γὰρ μᾶλλόν ἐστιν ἀξιοπίστων ἀκοῦσαι λεγόντων ἢ τὸ περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν, ὡς ἀποκοπεῖσα φθέγγεται τῶν ἀνθρώπων.
For this is more worthy of belief when heard from trustworthy people than the story about the head, that when cut off it speaks in humans.
λέγουσι γάρ τινες ἐπαγόμενοι καὶ τὸν Ὅμηρον, ὡς διὰ τοῦτο ποιήσαντος (Ἰλ. κ. 457. Ὀδ. χ. 329) „φθεγγομένη δʼ ἅρα τοῦγε κάρη κονίῃσιν ἐμίχθη,“ἀλλʼ οὐ “φθεγγομένου. ” §3.10.99 περὶ δὲ Καρίαν οὕτω τὸ τοιοῦτον διεπίστευσαν ὥστε καὶ κρίσιν ἐποιήσαντο περί τινος τῶν ἐγχωρίων.
For some say, adducing Homer as well, that he composed the line for this reason: "speaking, then, his head was mingled with the dust," but not "of him speaking." 9 In Caria they believed such a thing so firmly that they even held a trial concerning one of the locals.
τοῦ γὰρ ἱερέως τοῦ ὁπλοσμίου Διὸς ἀποθανόντος, ὑφʼ ὅτου δὲ δὴ ἀδήλως, ἔφασάν τινες ἀκοῦσαι τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀποκεκομμένης λεγούσης πολλάκις
ἐπʼ ἀνδρὸς ἄνδρα Κερκιδᾶς ἀπέκτεινεν· διὸ καὶ ζητήσαντες ᾧ ὄνομα ἦν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ Κερκιδᾶς, ἔκριναν.
For when the priest of Zeus Hoplosmios died, by whom indeed being unclear, some people claimed to have heard the severed head saying repeatedly: "Man upon man did Kerkidas slay." Therefore, having searched for someone in the place whose name was Kerkidas, they brought him to trial.
§3.10.1010 ἀδύνατον δὲ φθέγγεσθαι κεχωρισμένης τῆς ἀρτηρίας καὶ ἅνευ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ πλεύμονος κινήσεως.
10 But it is impossible to speak when the windpipe is severed and without the movement from the lung.
παρά τε τοῖς βαρβάροις, παῤ οἷς ἀποτέμνουσι ταχέως τὰς κεφαλάς, οὐδέν πω τοιοῦτον συμβέβηκεν.
And among the barbarians, with whom they cut off heads quickly, nothing of the sort has ever happened.
ἔτι δʼ ἐπὶ τῶν ἅλλων ζῴων διὰ τίνʼ αἰτίαν οὐ γίνεται;
Furthermore, for what cause does it not happen in the case of other animals?
τὸ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ γέλωτος πληγεισῶν τῶν φρενῶν εἰκότως. οὐδὲν γὰρ γελᾷ τῶν ἄλλων.
For the laughter when the phrenes are struck is reasonable, since none of the other animals laughs.
προιέναι δέ ποι τὸ σῶμα τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀφῃρημένης οὐδὲν ἄλογον, ἐπεὶ τά γʼ ἄναιμα καὶ ζῇ πολύν χρόνον· δεδήλωται δὲ περὶ τῆς αἰτίας αὐτῶν ἐν ἑτέροις.
But that the body should go forward some distance when the head has been removed is not at all absurd, since bloodless animals at least live for a long time; and the cause of these things has been explained in other works.