Humanitext Reader

Aristotle · Parts of Animals §3.11.1-3.11.2

Necessity of Viscera Formation and Enclosing Membranes

Passage 56 of 84 · Greek

Summary

The author discusses the material necessity behind the formation of viscera and the physical properties of the membranes enclosing them, highlighting the strength of those surrounding the heart and the brain.

§3.11.111 Τίνος μὲν οὖν ἕνεκέν ἐστιν ἕκαστον τῶν σπλάγχνων, εἴρηται, γέγονε δʼ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐντὸς πέρασι τῶν φλεβῶν·
11 Now, for what purpose each of the viscera exists has been stated, but they have arisen of necessity at the inner ends of the blood vessels.
ἐξιέναι τε γὰρ ἰκμάδα ἀναγκαῖον, καὶ ταύτην αἱματικήν, ἐξ ἧς συνισταμένης καὶ πηγνυμένης γίνεσθαι τὸ σῶμα τῶν σπλάγχνων.
For it is necessary that moisture should issue forth, and this of a bloody nature, from the condensation and solidification of which the body of the viscera is formed.
διόπερ αἱματικά, καὶ αὐτοῖς μὲν ὁμοίαν ἔχουσι τὴν τοῦ σώματος φύσιν, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις ἀνομοίαν.
Therefore they are bloody, and have a nature of body that is similar to themselves, but dissimilar to the other parts.
πάντα δὲ τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐν ὑμένι ἐστίν· προβολῆς τε γὰρ δεῖ πρὸς τὸ ἀπαθῆ εἶναι, καὶ ταύτης ἐλαφρᾶς, ὁ δʼ ὑμὴν τὴν φύσιν τοιοῦτος·
Moreover, all the viscera are enclosed in a membrane; for they need protection so as to be unaffected, and this must be light, and the membrane is of such a nature.
πυκνὸς μὲν γὰρ ὥστʼ ἀποστέγειν, ἄσαρκος δὲ ὥστε μὴ ἕλκειν μηδʼ ἔχειν ἰκμάδα, λεπτὸς δʼ, ὅπως κοῦφος ᾖ καὶ μηδὲν ποιῇ βάρος.
For it is dense so as to shield them, but fleshless so as not to attract or hold moisture, and thin so that it may be light and cause no weight.
§3.11.2μέγιστοι δὲ καὶ ἰσχυρὸτατοι τῶν ὑμένων εἰσὶν οἵ τε 2 περὶ τὴν καρδίαν καὶ περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, εὑλόγως· ταῦτα γὰρ δεῖται πλείστης φυλακῆς·
2 And the membranes around the heart and around the brain are the largest and strongest, and with good reason; for these parts stand in need of the greatest protection.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ φυλακὴ περὶ τὰ κύρια, ταύτα δὲ κύρια μάλιστα τῆς ζωῆς.
For protection is about the sovereign parts, and these are sovereign most of all over life.

Notes

  1. §3.11.1ἐξιέναι ... γίνεσθαι — Both infinitives ἐξιέναι and γίνεσθαι are governed by the impersonal adjective ἀναγκαῖον (it is necessary). The subject of the former is ἰκμάδα, and that of the latter is τὸ σῶμα, explaining the physical necessity of visceral formation.
  2. §3.11.1ἐξ ἧς συνισταμένης καὶ πηγνυμένης — The preposition ἐξ (from) governs the relative pronoun ἧς (with ἰκμάδα as its antecedent), which is accompanied by the agreeing participles συνισταμένης and πηγνυμένης. This is not a genitive absolute, but a prepositional phrase expressing material origin or cause.
  3. §3.11.1αὐτοῖς μὲν ὁμοίαν — The dative αὐτοῖς is used reflexively to mean 'among the viscera themselves.' It points out that while the viscera are similar to one another in their bodily substance, they are dissimilar to the other parts of the body.

Cite this passage

Aristotle, Parts of Animals §3.11.1-3.11.2. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg030.humanitext-grc1:3.11.1-3.11.2

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