§2.2.66 ὅτι δʼ ἀναγκαῖον ἔχειν ἢ αἷμα ἢ τὸ τούτῳ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχον φύσιν, καὶ τίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ αἵματος φύσις, πρῶτον διελομένοις περὶ θερμοῦ καὶ ψυχροῦ, οὕτω καὶ περὶ τούτου θεωρητέον τὰς αἰτίας.
6 But that it is necessary to have either blood or that which has the same nature as this, and what the nature of blood is, must be investigated—their causes being contemplated in this way only after we have first distinguished concerning the hot and the cold.
πολλῶν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἀνάγεται πρὸς ταύτας τὰς ἀρχὰς, καὶ πολλοὶ διαμφισβητοῦσι, κοῖα θερμὰ καὶ ποῖα ψυχρὰ τῶν ζῴων τῶν μορίων.
For the nature of many things is referred back to these principles, and many people dispute which of the parts of animals are hot and which are cold.
ἔνιοι γὰρ τὰ ἔνυδρα τῶν πεζῶν θερμότερά φασιν εἶναι, λέγοντες ὡς ἐπανισοῖ τὴν ψυχρότητα τοῦ τόπου ἡ τῆς φύσεως αὐτῶν θερμότης, καὶ τὰ ἄναιμα τῶν ἐναίμον καὶ τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων, οἷον Παρμενίδης τὰς γυναῖκας τῶν ἀνδρῶν θερμοτέρας εἶναί φησι καὶ ἕτεροί τινες, ὡς διὰ τὴν θερμότητα καὶ πολυαιμούσαις γινομένων τῶν γυναικείων, Ἐμπεδοκλῆς δὲ τοὐναντίον·
For some say that aquatic animals are warmer than terrestrial ones, saying that the heat of their nature counterbalances the coldness of their place, and that bloodless animals are warmer than blooded ones, and females than males—as Parmenides and certain others say that women are warmer than men, on the ground that the menstrual discharge occurs because of their heat and abundance of blood, whereas Empedocles says the opposite.
ἔτι δʼ αἷμα καὶ χολὴν οἱ μὲν θερμὸν ὁποτερονοῦν εἶναί φασιν αὐτῶν, οἱ δὲ ψυχρὸν.
And further, concerning blood and bile, some say that either of them is hot, while others say they are cold.
§2.2.7εἰ δʼ ἔχει τοσαύτην τὸ 7 θερμὸν καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἀμφισβήτησιν, τί χρὴ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαβεῖν;
But if the hot and the cold involve so much dispute, what must one suppose about the other qualities?
ταῦτα γὰρ ἡμῖν ἐναργέστατα τῶν περὶ τὴν αἴσθησιν.
For these are the most manifest to us of the things concerned with sensation.
ἔοικε δὲ διὰ τὸ πολλαχῶς λέγεσθαι τὸ θερμότεροον ταύτα συμβαίνειν· ἕκαστος γὰρ δοκεῖ τι λέγειν τἀναντία λέγων.
And this seems to happen because 'warmer' is said in many ways; for each person seems to speak some truth while saying opposite things.
διὸ δεῖ μὴ λανθάνειν πῶς δεῖ τῶν φύσει συνεστώτων τὰ μὲν θερμὰ λέγειν τὰ δὲ ψυχρὰ καὶ τὰ μὲν ξηρὰ τὰ δʼ ὑγρά, ἐπεὶ ὅτι γʼ αἴτια ταῦτα σχεδὸν καὶ θανάτου καὶ ζωῆς ἔοικεν εἶναι φανερόν, ἔτι δʼ ὕπνου καὶ ἐγρηγόρσεως καὶ ἀκμῆς καὶ γήρως καὶ νόσου καὶ ὑγιείας, ἀλλʼ οὐ τραχύτητες καὶ λειότητες οὐδὲ βαρύτητες καὶ κουφότητες οὐδʼ ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων οὐδὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν.
Wherefore we must not fail to notice how we ought to speak of naturally constituted things, some as hot and others as cold, and some as dry and others as fluid, since that these are indeed causes, so to speak, of both death and life seems manifest, and further of sleep and waking, and prime of life and old age, and disease and health, but roughness and smoothness, or heaviness and lightness, or any other such thing is, as one might say, not so.
καὶ τούτʼ εὐλόγως συμβέβηκεν· καθάπερ γὰρ ἐν ἑτέροις εἴρηται πρότερον, ἀρχαὶ τῶν φυσικῶν στοιχείων αὗταί εἰσι, θερμὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν καὶ ξηρὸν καὶ ὑγρόν.
And this happens reasonably; for as has been said before in other works, these— hot and cold, and dry and fluid—are the principles of the physical elements.
§2.2.8πότερον οὖν ἀπλῶς λέγεται τὸ θερμὸν ἢ 8 πλεοναχῶς;
Is 'hot', then, said in a single way or 8 in many ways?
δεῖ δὴ λαβεῖν τί ἔργον τοῦ θερμοτέρου, ἢ πόσα, εἰ πλείω.
We must therefore grasp what the function of the warmer is, or how many there are, if they are more than one.
ἕνα μὲν δὴ τρόπον λέγεται μᾶλλον θερμὸν ὑφ᾿ οὗ μᾶλλον θερμαίνεται τὸ ἁπτόμενον, ἄλλως δὲ τὸ μᾶλλον αἴσθησιν ἐμποιοῦν ἐν τῷ θιγγάνειν, καὶ τοῦτʼ, ἐὰν μετὰ λύπης.
In one way, indeed, that by which the thing touching it is more warmed is said to be warmer; in another way, that which produces more sensation in touching, and this, especially if it is accompanied by pain.
ἔστι δʼ ὅτε δοκεῖ τοῦτʼ εἶναι ψεῦδος· ἐνίοτε γὰρ ἡ ἕξις αἰτία τού ἀλγεῖν αἰσθανομένοις.
But sometimes this seems to be false; for sometimes the state of the perceiver is the cause of the pain.
ἔτι τὸ τηκτικώτερον τού τηκτοῦ καὶ τού καυστοῦ καυστικώτερον.
Further, that which is more liquefactive of what can be liquefied, and more burning of what can be burned.
ἔτι ἐὰν ᾖ τὸ μὲν πλέον τὸ δʼ ἔλαττον τὸ αὐτό, τὸ πλέον τού ἐλάττονος θερμότερον.
Further, if one is more and the other is less of the same substance, the more is warmer than the less.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις δυοῖν τὸ μὴ ταχέως ψυχόμενον ἀλλὰ βραδέως θερμότερον, καὶ τὸ θάττον θερμαινόμενον τοῦ θερμαινομένου βραδέως θερμότερον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν φαμέν, ὡς τὸ μὲν ἐναντίον, ὅτι πόρρω, τὸ δʼ ὅμοιον, ὅτι ἐγγύς.
In addition to these, of two things, we say that that which is not cooled quickly but slowly is warmer, and that which is warmed faster than that which is warmed slowly is by nature warmer; on the ground that the former is far from the contrary, and the latter is near to the like.
§2.2.9λέγεται μὲν οὖν 9 εἰ μὴ πλεοναχῶς, ἀλλὰ τοσαυταχῶς ἕτερον ἑτέρου θερμότερον· τούτους δὲ τοὺς τρόπους ἀδύνατον ὑπάρχειν τῷ αὐτῷ πάντας.
Thus, one thing is said to be warmer than another, if not in many ways, at least in so many ways; but it is impossible for all these modes to belong to the same thing.
θερμαίνει μὲν γὰρ μᾶλλον τὸ ζέον ὕδωρ τῆς φλογός, καίει δὲ καὶ τήκει τὸ καυστὸν καὶ τηκτὸν ἡ φλόξ, τὸ δʼ ὕδωρ οὐδέν.
For boiling water warms more than a flame does, but a flame burns and melts what is burnable and meltable, whereas water does neither.
ἔτι θερμότερον μὲν τὸ ζέον ὕδωρ ἢ πῦρ ὀλίγον, ψύχεται δὲ καὶ θάττον καὶ μᾶλλον τὸ θερμὸν ὕδωρ μικροῦ πυρός· οὐ γὰρ γίνεται ψυχρὸν πῦρ, ὕδωρ δὲ γίνεται πᾶν.
Further, boiling water is warmer than a small fire, but warm water cools both faster and more than a small fire; for fire does not become cold, whereas all water does become so.
ἔτι θερμότερον μὲν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν τὸ ζέον ὕδωρ, ψύχεται δὲ θάττον καὶ πήγνυται τού ἐλαίου.
Further, boiling water is warmer to the touch than oil, but it cools faster and solidifies faster than oil.
ἔτι τὸ αἷμα κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἁφὴν θερμότερον ὕδατος καὶ ἐλαίου, πήγνυται δὲ θάττον.
Further, blood is warmer to the touch than water and oil, but it solidifies faster.
ἔτι λίθοι καὶ σίδηρος καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα θερμαίνεται μὲν βραδύτερον ὕδατος, καίει δὲ θερμανθέντα μᾶλλον.
Further, stones and iron and such things are warmed more slowly than water, but when warmed they burn more.