§2.2.19 Τῶν δʼ ὁμοιομερῶν μορίων ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις ἐστὶ τὰ μὲν μαλακὰ καὶ ὑγρά, τὰ δὲ σκληρὰ καὶ στερεά, ὑγρὰ μὲν ἢ ὅλως ἢ ἕως ᾶν ᾖ ἐν τῇ φύσει, οἷον αἷμα, ἰχώρ, πιμελή, στέαρ, μυελός, γονή, χολή, γάλα ἐν τοῖς ἔχουσι, σάρξ, καὶ τὰ τούτοις ἀνάλογον· οὐ γὰρ ἅπαντα τὰ ζῷα τούτων τῶν μορίων τέτευχεν, ἀλλʼ ἔνια τῶν ἀνάλογον τούτων τισίν.
Of the homoeomerous parts in animals, some are soft and fluid, and others hard and solid—fluid either entirely or as long as they are in their natural state, such as blood, lymph, fat, suet, marrow, semen, bile, milk in those that have it, flesh, and what is analogous to these; for not all animals have obtained these parts, but some have what is analogous to certain of these.
τὰ δὲ ξηρὰ καὶ στερεὰ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν ἐστίν, οἷον ὀστοῦν, ἄκανθα, νεῦρον, φλέψ.
And the dry and solid of the homoeomerous parts are such as bone, spine, sinew, and vein.
καὶ γὰρ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν ἡ διαίρεσις ἔχει διαφοράν· ἔστι γὰρ ὡς ἐνίων τὸ μέρος ὁμώνυμον τῷ ὅλῳ, οἷον φλεβὸς φλέψ, ἔστι δʼ ὡς οὐχ ὁμώνυμον, ἀλλὰ προσώπου πρόσωπον οὐδαμῶς.
For indeed the division of the homoeomerous parts has a difference; for in some cases the part is homonymous with the whole, as a part of a vein is a vein, while in others it is not homonymous, as a part of a face is by no means a face.
§2.2.2πρῶτον 2 μὲν οὖν καὶ τοῖς ὑγροῖς μορίοις καὶ τοῖς ξηροῖς πολλοὶ τρόποι τῆς αἰτίας εἰσίν.
First, then, both for the fluid parts and for the dry, there are many modes of their cause.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὡς ὕλη τῶν μερῶν τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν ἐστίν (ἐκ τούτων γὰρ συνέστηκεν ἕκαστον τῶν ὀργανικῶν μερῶν, ἐξ ὀστῶν καὶ νεύρων καὶ σαρκῶν καὶ ἄλλωον τοιούτων συμβαλλομένων τὰ μὲν εἰς τὴν οὐσίαν τὰ δʼ εἰς τὴν ἐργασίαν), τὰ δὲ τροφὴ τούτοις τῶν ὑγρῶν ἐστί (πάντα γὰρ ἐξ ὑγροῦ λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν), τὰ δὲ περιττωματα συμβέβηκεν εἶναι τούτων, οἷον τὴν τε τῆς ξηρᾶς τροφῆς ὑπόστασιν καὶ τὴν τῆς ὑγρᾶς τοῖς ἔχουσι κύστιν.
For some are as the matter of the anhomoeomerous parts (since from these each of the organic parts is constituted, of bones, sinews, flesh, and other such things contributing, some to their essence, others to their function), while others of the fluid parts are nourishment for these (for all things receive growth from what is fluid), and others happen to be residues of these, such as the sediment of dry nourishment, and the bladder for fluid nourishment in those that have it.
§2.2.3αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων αἱ διαφοραὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα 3 τοῦ βελτίονος ἕνεκέν εἰσιν, οἷον τῶν τε ἄλλων καὶ αἵματος πρὸς αἷμα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ λεπτότερον τὸ δὲ παχύτερον καὶ τὸ μὲν καθαρώτερόν ἐστι τὸ δὲ θολερώτερον, ἔτι δὲ τὸ μὲν ψυχρότερον τὸ δὲ θερμότερον ἔν τε τοῖς μορίοις τοῦ ἑνὸς ζῴου (τὸ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι πρὸς τὰ κάτω μόρια διαφέρει ταύταις ταῖς διαφοραῖς) καὶ ἑτέρῳ πρὸς ἕτερον.
And the differences of these very parts with respect to one another 3 are for the sake of the better, such as, among others, the difference of blood to blood; for one is thinner, another thicker, and one is purer, another more turbid, and further, one is colder, another warmer, both in the parts of a single animal (for that which is in the upper parts differs by these differences from that in the lower parts) and of one animal to another.
καὶ ὅλως τὰ μὲν ἔναιμα τῶν ζῴων ἐστί, τὰ δʼ ἀντὶ τοῦ αἵματος ἔχει ἕτερόν τι μόριον τοιοῦτον.
And on the whole, some animals are blooded, while others have some other such part instead of blood.
§2.2.4ἔστι δʼ ἰσχύος μὲν ποιητικώτερον 4 τὸ παχύτερον αἷμα καὶ θερμότερον, αίσθθητικώτερον δὲ καὶ νοερώτερον τὸ λεπτότερον καὶ ψυχρότερον.
But 4 thicker and warmer blood is more productive of strength, while the thinner and colder blood is more sensory and intellectual.
τὴν αὐτὴν δʼ ἔχει διαφορὰν καὶ τῶν ἀνάλογον ὑπαρχόντων πρὸς τὸ αἷμα· διὸ καὶ μέλιτται καὶ ἄλλα τοιαύτα ζῷα φρονιμώτερα τὴν φύσιν ἐστὶν ἐναίμων πολλῶν, καὶ τῶν ἐναίμων τὰ ψυχρὸν ἔχοντα καὶ λεπτὸν αἷμα φρονιμώτερα τῶν ἐναντίων ἐστέν.
The same difference also belongs to those things that exist analogously to blood; wherefore both bees and other such animals are by nature more intelligent than many blooded animals, and of the blooded ones, those that have cold and thin blood are more intelligent than their opposites.
ἄριστα δὲ τὰ θερμὸν ἔχοντα καὶ λεπτὸν καὶ καθαρὸν ἅμα γὰρ πρός τʼ ἀνδρείαν τὰ τοιαύτα καὶ πρὸς φρόνησιν ἔχει καλῶς.
And the best are those that have blood that is warm and thin and pure; for such are at the same time well disposed both towards courage and towards intelligence.
διὸ καὶ τὰ ἄνω μόρια πρὸς τὰ κάτω ταύτην ἔχει τὴν διαφοράν, καὶ πρὸς τὸ θῆλυ αὖ τὸ ἄρρεν, καὶ τὰ δεξιὰ πρὸς τὰ ἀριστερὰ τού σώματος.
Wherefore also the upper parts have this difference with respect to the lower, and again the male with respect to the female, and the right side of the body with respect to the left.
§2.2.55 ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων μορίων καὶ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν ὑποληπτέον ἔχειν τὴν διαφοράν, τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὰ ἔργα καὶ τὴυ οὐσίαν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ζῴων, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον ἢ χεῖρον, οἷον ἐχόντων ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀμφοτέρων τὰ μέν ἐστι σκληρόφθαλμα τὰ δʼ ὑγρόφθαλμα, καὶ τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἔχει βλέφαρα τὰ δʼ ἔχει πρὸς τὸ τὴν ὄψιν ἀκριβεστέραν εἶναι.
5 In like manner also concerning the other such parts and the anhomoeomerous parts, one must assume that they have their difference, some with respect to the functions and the essence of each of the animals, and others with respect to the better or the worse, as, while both have eyes, some are hard-eyed and others fluid-eyed, and some do not have eyelids while others have them for the sake of making their sight more accurate.