§2.1.1Ἐκ τίνων μὲν οὖν μορίων καὶ πόσων συνέστηκεν 1 ἕκαστον τῶν ζῴων, ἐν ταῖς ἱστορίαις ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν δεδήλωται σαφέστερον· διʼ ἃς δʼ αἰτίας ἕκαστον τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, ἐπισκεπτέον νῦν, χωρίσαντας καθʼ αὑτὰ τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἱστορίαις εἰρημένων.
From what parts and from how many each of the animals has been constituted has been 1 shown more clearly in the histories concerning them; but for what causes each has this character must now be examined, separating them by themselves from what has been said in the histories.
τριῶν δʼ οὐσῶν τῶν συνθέσεων πρώτην μὲν ἄν τις θείη τὴν ἐκ τῶν καλουμένων ὑπὸ τινων στοιχείων, οἷον γῆς, ἀέρος, ὕδατος, πυρός.
Although there are three compositions, one might place as first the composition from what are called by some "elements," such as earth, air, water, and fire.
ἔτι δὲ βέλτιον ἴσως ἐκ τῶν δυνάμεων λέγειν, καὶ τούτων οὐκ ἐξ ἁπασῶν, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ἐν ἑτέροις εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον.
Yet it is perhaps still better to speak of the powers, and of these not of all, but just as has been said elsewhere and before.
ὑγρὸν γὰρ καὶ ξηρὸν καὶ θερμὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν ὕλη τῶν συνθέτων σωμάτων ἐστίν· αἱ δʼ ἄλλαι διαφοραὶ ταύταις ἀκολουθοῦσιν, οἷον βάρος καὶ κουφότης καὶ πυκνότης καὶ μανότης καὶ τραχύτης καὶ λειότης καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τοιαύτα πάθη τῶν σωμάτων.
For the moist, the dry, the hot, and the cold are the matter of composite bodies; and the other differences follow upon these, such as heaviness and lightness, density and rarity, roughness and smoothness, and the other such affections of bodies.
δευτέρα δὲ σύστασις ἐκ τῶν πρώτων ἡ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν φύσις ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις ἐστίν, οἷον ὀστοῦ καὶ σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων τρίτη δὲ καὶ τελευταία κατ ἀριθμὸν ἡ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν, οἷον προσώπου καὶ χειρὸς καὶ τῶν τοιούτων μορίων.
And the second constitution from the first is the nature of the homoeomerous parts in animals, such as bone, flesh, and the other such parts; and the third and last in number is that of the anhomoeomerous parts, such as face, hand, and such parts.
§2.1.2ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐναντίως 2 ἐπὶ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχει καὶ τῆς οὐσίας· τὰ γὰρ ὕστερα τῇ γενέσει πρότερα τὴν φύσιν ἐστί, καὶ πρῶτον τὸ τῇ γενέσει τελευταῖον (οὐ γὰρ οἰκία πλίνθων ἕνεκέν ἐστι καὶ λίθων, ἀλλὰ ταύτα τῆς οἰκίας· ὁμοίως δὲ τοῦτ’ ἔχει καὶ περὶ τὴν ἄλλην ὕλην· οὐ μόνον δὲ φανερὸν ὅτι τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον ἐκ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸν λόγον· πᾶν γὰρ τὸ γινόμενον ἔκ τινος καὶ εἰς τι ποιεῖται τὴν γένεσιν, καὶ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ἐπʼ ἀρχὴν, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης κινούσης καὶ ἐχούσης ἤδη τινὰ φύσιν ἐπί τινα μορφὴν ἢ τοιοῦτον ἄλλο τέλος· ἅνθρωπος γὰρ ἄνθρωπον καὶ φυτὸν γεννᾷ φυτὸν ἐκ τῆς περὶ ἕκαστον ὑποκειμένης ὕλης)· τῷ μὲν οὖν χρόνῳ προτέραν τὴν ὕλην ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ τὴν γένεσιν, τῷ λόγῳ δὲ τὴν οὐσίαν καὶ τὴν ἑκάστου μορφὴν.
But since 2 the relation is reversed in the case of generation and of essence; for what is posterior in generation is prior in nature, and what is last in generation is first (for a house is not for the sake of bricks and stones, but these for the sake of the house; and similarly this holds also concerning other matter; and it is manifest that this is so not only from induction, but also according to reason; for everything that comes to be makes its generation from something and into something, and from a beginning to a beginning, from the first mover which already has a certain nature, to a certain form or other such end; for man generates man, and plant generates plant, from the underlying matter in each case); therefore, in time indeed it is necessary that matter and generation are prior, but in definition (logos) the essence and the form of each.
δῆλον δʼ ἂν λέγῃ τις τὸν λόγον τῆς γενέσεως· ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῆς οἰκοδομήσεως λόγος ἔχει τὸν τῆς οἰκίας, ὁ δὲ τῆς οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχει τὸν τῆς οἰκοδομήσεως.
And this is clear if one states the definition of generation; for the definition of building contains that of the house, but that of the house does not contain that of building.
§2.1.33 ὁμοίως δὲ τοῦτο συμβέβηκε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
And similarly this has happened also in the case of the others.
ὥστε τὴν μὲν τῶν στοιχείων ὕλην ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν ἕνεκεν.
So that it is necessary that the matter of the elements is for the sake of the homoeomerous parts.
ὕστερα γὰρ ἐκείνων ταῦτα τῇ γενέσει, τούτων δὲ τὰ ἀνομοιομερῆ· ταῦτα γὰρ ἤδη τὸ τέλος ἔχει καὶ τὸ πέρας, ἐπὶ τοῦ τρίτου λαβόντα τὴν σύστασιν ἀριθμοῦ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ πολλῶν συμβαίνει τελειοῦσθαι τὰς γενέσεις.
For these are posterior to them in generation, and the anhomoeomerous parts to these; for these already have the end and the limit, having received their constitution at the third number, just as it happens in many cases that generations are completed.
ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων μὲν οὖν τὰ ζῷα συνέστηκε τῶν μορίων τούτων, ἀλλὰ τὰ ὁμοιομερῆ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν ἕνεκέν ἐστιν·
Out of both, therefore, these parts animals are constituted, but the homoeomerous parts are for the sake of the anhomoeomerous; for the functions and actions belong to the latter, such as of the eye, the nostril, the whole face, the finger, the hand, and the whole arm.
ἐκείνων γὰρ ἔργα καὶ πράξεις εἰσίν, οἷον ὁφθαλμοῦ καὶ μυκτῆρος καὶ τού προσώπου παντὸς καὶ δακτύλου καὶ χειρὸς καὶ παντὸς τοῦ βραχίονος πολυμόρφων δὲ τῶν πράξεων καὶ τῶν κινήσεων ὑπαρχουσῶν τοῖς ζῴοις ὅλοις τε καὶ τοῖς μορίοις τοῖς τοιούτοις, ἀναγκαῖον ἐξ ὧν σύγκεινται, τὰς δυνάμεις ἀνομοίας ἔχειν· πρὸς μὲν γάρ τινα μαλακότης χρήσιμος πρὸς δέ τινα σληρότης, καὶ τὰ μὲν τάσιν ἔχειν δεῖ τὰ δὲ κάμψιν.
And since the actions and movements are multiform for animals as wholes and for such parts, it is necessary that the parts of which they are composed have different powers; for for some actions softness is useful, but for others hardness, and some must have tension, and others flexibility.
§2.1.44 τὰ μὲν οὖν ὁμοιομερῆ κατὰ μέρος διείληφε τὰς δυνάμεις τὰς τοιαύτας (τὸ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐστὶ μαλακὸν τὸ δὲ σκληρὸν, καὶ τὸ μὲν ὑγρὸν τὸ δὲ ξηρόν, καὶ γλίσχρον τὸ δὲ κραῦρον), τὰ δʼ ἀνομοιομερῆ κατὰ πολλὰς καὶ συγκειμένας ἀλλήλαις· ἑτέρα γὰρ πρὸς τὸ πιέσαι τῇ χειρὶ χρήσιμος δύναμις καὶ πρὸς τὸ λαβεῖν.
Now indeed the homoeomerous parts have received such powers divisionally (for one of them is soft and another hard, and one is moist and another dry, and one is viscous and another brittle), but the anhomoeomerous parts have them in many and composite ways in relation to one another; for the power useful for pressing with the hand is different from that for grasping.
διόπερ ἐξ ὀστῶν καὶ νεύρων καὶ σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων συνεστήκασι τὰ ὀργανικὰ τῶν μορίων, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐκεῖνα ἐκ τούτων.
Therefore, out of bones, sinews, flesh, and other such things are the organic parts constituted, but not those from these.