§1.5.6ἀναγκαῖον δὲ πρῶτον 6 τὰ συμβεβηκότα διελεῖν περὶ ἕκαστον γένος, ὅσα καθʼ αὐτὰ πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει τοῖς ζῴοις, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὰς αἰτίας αὐτῶν πειρᾶσθαι διελεῖν.
First, however, it is necessary to divide the accidents concerning each genus, namely those that belong to all animals in themselves, and after this to try to divide their causes.
εἴρηται μὲν οὖν καὶ πρότερον ὅτι πολλὰ κοινὰ πολλοῖς ὑπάρχει τῶν ζῴων, τὰ μὲν ἀπλῶς, οἷον πόδες, πτερά, λεπίδες, καὶ πάθη δὴ τὸν αὐτὸυ τρόπον τούτοις, τὰ δʼ ἀνάλογον.
Now, it has been said before as well that many attributes are common to many of the animals, some absolutely, such as feet, wings, scales, and indeed affections in the same manner as these, and others by analogy.
λέγω δʼ ἀνάλογον, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν ὑπάρχει πλεύμων, τοῖς δὲ πλεύμων μὲν οὔ, ὃ δὲ τοῖς ἔχουσι πλεύμονα, ἐκείνοις ἕτερον ἀντὶ τούτου· καὶ τοῖς μὲν αἷμα, τοῖς δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογον τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχον δύναμιν ἥνπερ τοῖς ἐναίμοις τὸ αἷμα.
And I mean by "analogy" that some have a lung, while others do not have a lung but have something else in place of it which is equivalent to what the lung is for those that have it; and some have blood, while others have its analogue having the same power as blood has for blooded animals.
§1.5.7τὸ δὲ λέγειν χωρὶς 7 περὶ ἑκάστων τῶν καθ’ ἕκαστα, καὶ ἔμπροσθεν εἴπομεν ὅτι πολλάκις συμβήσεται ταὐτὰ λέγειν, ἐπειδὰν λέγωμεν περὶ πάντων τῶν ὑπαρχόντων· ὑπάρχει δὲ πολλοῖς ταὐτά.
As for speaking separately 7 about each of the individual cases, we have also said before that it will often happen that we say the same things, whenever we speak about all the existing attributes; for the same attributes belong to many.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ταύτῃ διωρίσθω.
Let these things, then, be defined in this way.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ μὲν ὄργανον πᾶν ἕνεκά του, τῶν δὲ τοῦ σώματος μορίων ἕκαστον ἕνεκά του, τὸ δʼ οὗ ἕνεκα πρᾶξίς τις, φανερὸν ὅτι καὶ τὸ σύνολον σῶμα συνέστηκε πράξεος τινος ἕνεκα πλήρους.
But since every instrument is for the sake of something, and each of the parts of the body is for the sake of something, and that for the sake of which they exist is some action, it is manifest that the whole body also has been constituted for the sake of some complete action.
οὐ γὰρ ἡ πρίσις τοῦ πρίονος χάριν γέγονεν, ἀλλʼ ὁ πρίων τῆς πρίσεως· χρῆσις γάρ τις ἡ πρίσις ἐστίν.
For sawing has not come to be for the sake of the saw, but the saw for the sake of sawing; for sawing is a kind of use.
ὥστε καὶ τὸ σῶμά πως τῆς ψυχῆς ἕνεκεν, καὶ τὰ μόρια τῶν ἔργων πρὸς ἃ πέφυκεν ἕκαστον.
So that the body also is in a way for the sake of the soul, and the parts for the sake of the functions for which each is naturally adapted.
§1.5.88 λεκτέον ἄρα πρῶτον τὰς πράξεις τάς τε κοινὰς πάντων καὶ τὰς κατὰ γένος καὶ τὰς κατʼ εἶδος.
8 First, therefore, we must speak of actions—both those common to all, and those according to genus, and those according to species.
λέγω δὲ κοινὰς μὲν αἳ πᾶσιν ὑπάρχουσι τοῖς ζῴοις, κατὰ γένος δέ, ὅσων παῤ ἄλληλα τὰς διαφορὰς ὁρῶμεν καθʼ ὑπεροχὴν οὔσας, οἷον ὅρνιδα λέγω κατὰ γένος, ἄνθρωπον δὲ κατʼ εἶδος, καὶ πᾶν ὃ κατὰ τὸν καθόλου λόγον μηδεμίαν ἔχει διαφοφάν.
And I mean by "common" those that belong to all animals, and "according to genus" those whose differences we see in relation to one another as being in terms of excess, for example, I call bird a genus, and man a species, and everything that has no difference according to the universal definition.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔχουσι τὸ κοινὸν κατ᾿ ἀναλογίαν, τὰ δὲ κατὰ γένος, τὰ δὲ κατʼ εἶδος.
For some have what is common by analogy, others by genus, and others by species.
ὅσαι μὲν οὖν πράξεις ἄλλων ἕνεκα, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ ὧν αἱ πράξεις τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον διεστᾶσιν ὅνπερ αἱ πράξεις.
Now, as for all the actions that are for the sake of other things, it is clear that the parts of which they are the actions also differ in the same manner as the actions.
ὁμοίως δὲ κἂν εἴ τινες πρότεραι καὶ τέλος ἑτέρων πράξεων τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι, τὸν αὐτὸν ἕξει τρόπον καὶ τῶν μορίων ἕκαστον, ὧν αἱ πράξεις αἱ τοιαῦται· καὶ τρίτον, ὧν ὄντων ἀναγκαῖον ὑπάρχειν.
Similarly, even if some actions happen to be prior and the end of other actions, each of the parts of which they are such actions will stand in the same relation; and thirdly, those parts which must necessarily exist if the others exist.
§1.5.99 λέγω δὲ πάθη καὶ πράξεις γένεσιν, αὔξησιν, ὀχείαν, ἐγρήγορσιν, ὕπτνον, πορείαν, καὶ ὁπόσʼ ἄλλα τοιαύτα τοῖς ζῴοις ὑπάρχει· μόρια δὲ λέγω ῥῖνα, ὀφθαλμὸν καὶ τὸ σύνολον πρόσωπον, ὧν ἕκαστον καλεῖται μέλος.
9 And I mean by "affections" and "actions" generation, growth, copulation, waking, sleep, locomotion, and whatever other such things belong to animals; and by "parts" I mean nose, eye, and the face as a whole, each of which is called a limb.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
Likewise also concerning the other parts.
καὶ περὶ μὲν τοῦ τρόπου τῆς μεθόδου τοσαῦθʼ ἡμῖν εἰρήσθω· τὰς δʼ αἰτίας παιραθῶμεν εἰπεῖν περί τε τῶν κοινῶν καὶ τῶν ἰδίων, ἀρξάμενοι, καθάπερ διωρίσαμεν, πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν πρώτων.
And concerning the method, let so much have been said by us; but let us try to state the causes concerning both the common and the proper attributes, beginning, as we have defined, first from the first things.