§1.1.6ὑπάρχει δὲ τὸ μὲν ἀπλῶς τοῖς 6 ἀιδίοις, τὸ δʼ ἐξ ὑποθέσεως καὶ τοῖς ἐν γενέσει πᾶσιν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς τεχναστοῖς, οἷον οἰκίᾳ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁτῳοῦν τῶν τοιούτων.
And [necessity] belongs, on the one hand, absolutely to 6 eternal things, and on the other hand, hypothetically to all things that come to be, just as in the products of art, such as a house and any other such things.
ἀνάγκη δὲ τοιάνδε τὴν ὕλην ὑπάρξαι, εἰ ἔσται οἰκία ἢ ἄλλο τι τέλος· καὶ γενέσθαι τε καὶ κινηθῆναι δεῖ τόδε πρῶτον, εἶτα τόδε, καὶ τοῦτον δὴ τὸν τρόπον ἐφεξῆς μέχρι τού τέλους καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα γίνεται ἕκαστον καὶ ἔστιν.
For it is necessary that such-and-such matter exist, if there is to be a house or some other end; and it is necessary that this first come to be and be moved, and then that, and in this manner successively up to the end and that for the sake of which each thing comes to be and is.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς φύσει γινομένοις.
And likewise also in things that come to be by nature.
ἀλλʼ ὁ τρόπος τῆς ἀποδείξεως καὶ τῆς ἀνάγκης ἕτερος ἐπί τε τῆς φυσικῆς καὶ τῶν θεωρητικῶν ἐπιστημῶν.
But the mode of demonstration and of necessity is different in natural science and in the theoretical sciences.
εἴρηται δʼ ἐν ἑτέροις περὶ τούτων.
And about these matters it has been spoken in other works.
§1.1.7ἡγὰρ ἀρχὴ τοῖς μὲν τὸ ὄν, τοῖςδὲ τὸ ἐσόμενον· 7 ἐπεὶ γὰρ τοιόνδʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ὑγίεια ἢ ὁ ἅνθρωπος, ἀνάγκη τόδʼ εἶναι ἢ γενέσθαι, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπεὶ τόδʼ ἐστὶν ἢ γέγονεν, ἐκεῖνο ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐστὶν ἢ ἔσται.
For the starting-point is for the latter what is, but for the former what is to be; 7 for since health or man is such-and-such, it is necessary for this to be or to come to be, but it is not the case that since this is or has come to be, that other thing is or will be of necessity.
οὐδʼ ἔστιν εἰς ἀίδιον συναρτῆσαι τῆς τοιαύτης ἀποδείξεως τὴν ἀνάγκην, ὥστʼ εἰπεῖν, ἐπεὶ τόδʼ ἐστίν, ὅτι τόδʼ ἐστίν.
Nor is it possible to connect the necessity of such demonstration to eternity, so as to say, since this is, that that is.
διώρισται δὲ καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν ἑτέροις, καὶ ποίοις ὑπάρχει καὶ ποῖα ἀντιστρέφει καὶ διὰ τίνʼ αἰτίαν.
And about these too it has been defined in other works, and in which things it is present, and which are convertible, and for what cause.
§1.1.8δεῖ δὲ μὴ λεληθέναι καὶ πότερον 8 προσήκει λέγειν, ὥσπερ οἱ πρότερον ἐποιοῦντο τὴν θεωρίαν, πῶς ἕκαστον γίνεσθαι πέφυκε μᾶλλον πῶς ἔστιν.
And we must not fail to notice also which of the two ways is appropriate to speak, as the predecessors used to conduct their inquiry, whether how each thing is by nature formed to come to be, or rather 8 how it is.
οὐ γάρ τι μικρὸν διαφέρει τοῦτο ἐκείνου.
For this differs from that in no small degree.
ἔοικε δʼ ἐντεῦθεν ἀρκτέον εἶναι, καθάπερ καὶ πρὸτερον εἴπομεν, ὅτι πρῶτον τὰ φαινόμενα ληπτέον περὶ ἕκαστον γένος, εἶθʼ οὕτω τὰς αἰτίας τούτων λεκτέον, καὶ περὶ γενέσεως·
And it seems that we should begin from this point, just as we said before, that first we must grasp the phenomena concerning each genus, and then in this way state their causes, and about their generation.
μᾶλλον γὰρ τάδε συμβαίνει καὶ περὶ τὴν οἰκοδόμησιν, ἐπεὶ τοιόνδ’ ἐστὶ τὸ εἶδος τῆς οἰκίας, ἢ τοιόνδ᾿ ἐστὶν ἡ οἰκία, ὅτι γίνεται οὕτως.
For this is more the case also concerning house-building, since the form of the house is of such-and-such a kind, or the house is such-and-such, that it comes to be in this way.
§1.1.99 ἡ γὰρ γένεσις ἕνεκα τῆς οὐσίας ἐστίν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ ἡ οὐσία ἕνεκα τῆς γενέσεως. διόπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς οὐκ ὀρθῶς εἴρηκε λέγων ὑπάρχειν πολλὰ τοῖς ζῴοις διὰ τὸ συμβῆναι οὕτως ἐν τῇ γενέσει, οἷον καὶ τὴν ῥάχιν τοιαύτην ἔχειν, ὅτι στραφέντος καταχθῆναι συνέβη, ἀγνοῶν πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι δεῖ τὸ σπέρμα τὸ συστὰν ὑπάρχειν τοιαύτην ἔχον δύναμιν, εἶθʼ ὅτι τὸ ποιῆσαν πρότερον ὑπῆρχεν οὐ μόνον τῷ λόγῳ ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ· γεννᾶ γὰρ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἄνθρωπον, ὥστε διὰ τὸ ἐκεῖνον τοιόνδʼ εἶναι ἡ γένεσις τοιάδε συμβαίνει τῳδί.
For generation is for the sake of substance, but not substance for the sake of generation. 9 Therefore Empedocles did not speak correctly when he said that many attributes belong to animals because of their happening to come to be in this way in the course of generation, for example, that they have their backbone in such-and-such a way because it happened to be broken through being twisted; being ignorant, first, that the seed which is constituted must already possess such a power, and second, that the producing agent existed prior not only in definition but also in time; for man generates man, so that because that one is such-and-such, the generation happens to be of such-and-such a kind for this one.
§1.1.1010 ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτομάτως δοκούντων γίνεσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν τεχναστῶν· ἔνια γὰρ καὶ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου γίνεται ταὐτὰ τοῖς ἀπὸ τέχνης, οἷον ὑγίεια.
And similarly also in the case of things that appear to come to be spontaneously, just as in the products of art; 10 for some of the same things come to be both spontaneously and by art, such as health.
τῶν μὲν οὖν προϋπάρχει τὸ ποιητικὸν ὅμοιον, οἷον ἀνδριαντοποιητική· οὐ γὰρ γίνεται αὐτόματον.
In some cases, then, the producing cause pre-exists as similar, such as the art of sculpture; for a statue does not come to be spontaneously.
ἡ δὲ τέχνη λόγος τοῦ ἔργου ὁ ἄνευ τῆς ὕλης ἐστίν.
And art is the definition of the product without the matter.
καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τέχνης γίνεται τὰ ἀπὸ τύχης ὁμοίως· ὡς γὰρ ἡ τέχνη ἔχει, οὕτω γίνεται.
And the things that come to be by chance come to be similarly to those by art; for as art is, so it comes to be.
διὸ μάλιστα μὲν λεκτέον ὡς ἐπειδὴ τοῦτʼ ἦν τὸ ἀνθρώπῳ εἶναι, διὰ τοῦτο ταῦτʼ ἔχει· οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται εἶναι ἄνευ τῶν μορίων τούτων.
Therefore, one should say above all that because this is what it was to be human, for this reason he has these parts; for it is not possible to exist without these parts.
εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι ἐγγύτατα τούτου, καὶ ἢ ὅλως ὅτι ἀδύνατον ἄλλως, ἢ καλῶς γε οὕτως.
And if not this, then what is nearest to this, and either that on the whole it is impossible otherwise, or at least that it is well thus.
ταύτα δʼ ἕπεται.
And these things follow.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ἔστι τοιοῦτον, τὴν γένεσιν ὡδὶ καὶ τοιαύτην συμβαίνειν ἀναγκαῖον.
And since it is of such a kind, it is necessary that its generation happen in this way and be of such a kind.
διὸ γίνεται πρῶτον τῶν μορίων τόδε, εἶτα τόδε.
Therefore, of the parts, this one comes to be first, and then that one.
καὶ τοῦτον δὴ τὸν τρόπον ὁμοίως ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν φύσει συνισταμέων.
And indeed in this manner likewise for all things constituted by nature.