§4.3#13 πέπανσις δ᾿ ἐστὶν πέψις τις· ἡ γὰρ τῆς ἐν τοῖς περικαρπίοις τροφῆς πέψις πέπανσις λέγεται.
[3] Ripening is a certain concoction; for the concoction of the nourishment in pericarp is called ripening.
ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἡ πέψις τελέωσις, τότε ἡ πέπανσις τελέα ἐστὶν ὅταν τὰ ἐν τῷ περικαρπίῳ σπέρματα δύνηται ἀποτελεῖν τοιοῦτον ἕτερον οἷον αὐτό· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τὸ τέλεον οὕτω λέγομεν.
Since concoction is a perfection, ripening is perfect when the seeds in the pericarp are able to produce another such as itself; for in other cases too we speak of the perfect in this way.
περικαρπίου μὲν οὖν αὕτη πέπανσις, λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ πέπονα τῶν πεπεμμένων, κατὰ μὲν τὴν αὐτὴν ἰδέαν, μεταφοραῖς δέ, διὰ τὸ μὴ κεῖσθαι, καθάπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον, ὀνόματα καθ᾿ ἑκάστην τελείωσιν περὶ τὰ ὁριζόμενα ὑπὸ τῆς φυσικῆς θερμότητος καὶ ψυχρότητος.
This, then, is the ripening of the pericarp, but many other concocted things are also said to be ripe, in accordance with the same idea indeed, but by metaphor, because, as was said before, names have not been established for each perfection concerning things determined by natural heat and cold.
ἔστιν δὲ ἡ φυμάτων καὶ φλέγματος καὶ τῶν τοιούτων πέπανσις ἡ ὑπὸ τοῦ φυσικοῦ θερμοῦ τοῦ ἐνόντος ὑγροῦ πέψις· ἀδύνατον γὰρ ὁρίζειν μὴ κρατοῦν.
And the ripening of pustules, phlegm, and such things is the concoction of the inherent wetness by the natural heat; for it is impossible to determine without mastering.
ἐκ μὲν οὖν τῶν πνευματικῶν ὑδατώδη, ἐκ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων τὰ γεηρὰ συνίσταται, καὶ ἐκ λεπτῶν αἰεὶ παχύτερα γίγνεται πεπαινόμενα πάντα.
From windy elements, therefore, watery things are constituted, and from such things, earthy things, and from thin things always thicker things come to be when they are all ripened.
καὶ τὰ μὲν εἰς αὐτὴν ἡ φύσις ἄγει κατὰ τοῦτο, τὰ δὲ ἐκβάλλει.
And nature leads some things to itself in this respect, but others it casts out.
πέπανσις μὲν οὖν εἴρηται τί ἐστιν· ὠμότης δ᾿ ἐστὶν τὸ ἐναντίον·
What ripening is, then, has been stated; and rawness is the opposite.
ἐναντίον δὲ πεπάνσει ἀπεψία τῆς ἐν τῷ περικαρπίῳ τροφῆς· αὕτη δ᾿ ἐστὶν ἡ ἀόριστος ὑγρότης.
And the opposite to ripening is the inconcoction of the nourishment in the pericarp; and this is the indeterminate wetness.
διὸ ἢ πνευματικὴ ἢ ὑδατώδης ἢ τῶν ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἐστιν ἡ ὠμότης.
Wherefore rawness is either windy or watery or of both.
ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἡ πέπανσις τελέωσίς τίς ἐστιν, ἡ ὠμότης ἀτέλεια ἔσται.
And since ripening is a certain perfection, rawness will be imperfection.
γίγνεται δ᾿ ἡ ἀτέλεια δι᾿ ἔνδειαν τοῦ φυσικοῦ θερμοῦ καὶ ἀσυμμετρίαν πρὸς τὸ ὑγρὸν τὸ πεπαινόμενον.
And imperfection comes to be due to the lack of natural heat and its asymmetry to the wetness being ripened.
οὐδὲν δὲ ὑγρὸν αὐτὸ καθ᾿ αὑτὸ πεπαίνεται ἄνευ ξηροῦ· ὕδωρ γὰρ οὐ παχύνεται μόνον τῶν ὑγρῶν.
And no wet thing by itself is ripened without the dry; for water alone of wet things does not thicken.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο ἢ τῷ τὸ θερμὸν ὀλίγον εἶναι ἢ τῷ τὸ ὁριζόμενον πολὺ· διὸ καὶ λεπτοὶ οἱ χυμοὶ τῶν ὠμῶν, καὶ ψυχροὶ μᾶλλον ἢ θερμοί, καὶ ἄβρωτοι καὶ ἄποτοι.
And this happens either because the heat is little or because the determined is much; wherefore also the juices of raw things are thin, and rather cold than hot, and unfit for eating and drinking.
λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἡ ὠμότης ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ πέπανσις, πολλαχῶς.
And rawness, like ripening, is also spoken of in many ways.
ὅθεν καὶ οὖρα καὶ ὑποχωρήσεις καὶ κατάρροι ὠμοὶ λέγονται διὰ τὸ αὐτὸ αἴτιον· τῷ γὰρ μὴ κεκρατῆσθαι ὑπὸ τῆς θερμότητος μηδὲ συνεστάναι ὠμὰ πάντα προσαγορεύεται.
Hence urine, bowel movements, and catarrhs are called raw for the same cause; for by not being mastered by the heat nor being constituted, all are addressed as raw.
πόρρω δὲ προϊόντων καὶ κέραμος ὠμὸς καὶ γάλα ὠμὸν καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ λέγεται, ἐὰν δυνάμενα μεταβάλλειν καὶ συνίστασθαι ὑπὸ θερμότητος ἀπαθῆ ᾖ.
And going further, even raw clay and raw milk and many other things are spoken of, if, though being able to change and be constituted by heat, they are unaffected.
διὸ τὸ ὕδωρ ἑφθὸν μὲν λέγεται, ὠμὸν δ᾿ οὔ, ὅτι οὐ παχύνεται.
Wherefore water is said to be boiled indeed, but not raw, because it does not thicken.
πέπανσις μὲν οὖν καὶ ὠμότης εἴρηται τί ἐστιν, καὶ διὰ τί ἐστιν ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν·
What ripening and rawness are, and why each of them is, have then been stated.
ἕψησις δ᾿ ἐστὶν τὸ μὲν ὅλον πέψις ὑπὸ θερμότητος ὑγρᾶς τοῦ ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀορίστου ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ, λέγεται δὲ τοὔνομα κυρίως μόνον ἐπὶ τῶν ἑψομένων.
And boiling is, on the whole, concoction by wet heat of the inherent indeterminate in the wet, but the name is spoken of strictly only in the case of things being boiled.
τοῦτο δ᾿ ἂν εἴη, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, πνευματῶδες ἢ ὑδατῶδες.
And this would be, as was said, windy or watery.
ἡ δὲ πέψις γίγνεται ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ πυρός· τὸ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν τηγάνων ὀπτᾶται (ὑπὸ γὰρ τοῦ ἔξωθεν θερμοῦ πάσχει, ἐν ᾧ δ᾿ ἐστὶν ὑγρῷ, ποιεῖ ἐκεῖνο μᾶλλον ξηρόν, εἰς αὑτὸ ἀναλαμβάνον), τὸ δ᾿ ἑψόμενον τοὐναντίον ποιεῖ (ἐκκρίνεται γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ ἔξω ὑγρῷ θερμασίας)· διὸ ξηρότερα τὰ ἑφθὰ τῶν ὀπτῶν· οὐ γὰρ ἀνασπᾷ εἰς ἑαυτὰ τὸ ὑγρὸν τὰ ἑψόμενα· κρατεῖ γὰρ ἡ ἔξωθεν θερμότης τῆς ἐντός· εἰ δ᾿ ἐκράτει ἡ ἐντός, εἷλκεν ἂν εἰς ἑαυτήν.
And concoction comes to be from the fire in the wet; for what is on frying pans is roasted (for it is affected by the external heat, and in whatever wet thing it is, it makes that rather dry, taking it up into itself), while what is being boiled does the opposite (for the wet is secreted from it by the heat in the external wet); wherefore boiled things are drier than roasted things; for things being boiled do not draw the wet into themselves; for the external heat masters the internal; but if the internal mastered, it would draw it into itself.
ἔστιν δ᾿ οὐ πᾶν σῶμα ἑψητόν· οὔτε γὰρ ἐν ᾧ μηδέν ἐστιν ὑγρόν, οἷον ἐν λίθοις, οὔτ᾿ ἐν οἷς ἔνεστι μέν, ἀλλ᾿ ἀδύνατον κρατηθῆναι διὰ πυκνότητα, οἷον ἐν τοῖς ξύλοις· ἀλλ᾿ ὅσα τῶν σωμάτων ἔχει ὑγρότητα παθητικὴν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ πυρώσεως.
But not every body is boilable; for neither is that in which there is no wet, as in stones, nor in those in which it is indeed present but impossible to be mastered because of density, as in wood; but all those bodies are boilable which have wetness passive to the firing in the wet.
λέγεται δὲ καὶ χρυσὸς ἕψεσθαι καὶ ξύλον καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ, κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἰδέαν οὐ τὴν αὐτήν, μεταφορᾷ δέ· οὐ γὰρ κεῖται ὀνόματα ταῖς διαφοραῖς.
And gold is also said to be boiled, and wood, and many other things, not indeed in accordance with the same idea, but by metaphor; for names have not been established for the differences.