§4.3#2καὶ τὰ ὑγρὰ δὲ ἕψεσθαι λέγομεν, οἷον γάλα καὶ γλεῦκος, ὅταν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ ὁ χυμὸς εἰς εἶδός τι μεταβάλλῃ ὑπὸ τοῦ κύκλῳ καὶ ἔξωθεν πυρὸς θερμαίνοντος, ὥστε τρόπον τινὰ παραπλήσιον τῇ εἰρημένῃ ἑψήσει ποιεῖ.
And we also say that wet things are boiled, such as milk and must, when the juice in the wet changes into some form under the influence of the fire heating it from around and from without, so that in a certain way it does something similar to the mentioned boiling.
(τέλος δὲ οὐ ταὐτὸ πᾶσιν, οὔτε ἐψομένοις οὔτε πεττομένοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν πρὸς ἐδωδήν, τοῖς δὲ πρὸς ῥόφησιν, τοῖς δὲ πρὸς ἄλλην χρείαν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ φάρμακα ἕψειν λέγομεν. ) ὥστε ὅσα παχύτερα δύναται γίγνεσθαι ἢ ἐλάττω ἢ βαρύτερα, ἢ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν τοιαῦτα τὰ δ᾿ ἐναντία, διὰ τὸ διακρινόμενα τὰ μὲν παχύνεσθαι τὰ δὲ λεπτύνεσθαι, ὥσπερ τὸ γάλα εἴς τε ὀρὸν καὶ πυετίαν, πάντα ἑψητά ἐστιν.
(But the end is not the same for all, neither for things being boiled nor for those being concocted, but for some it is for eating, for others for drinking, and for others for some other use, since we also speak of boiling medicines.) Consequently, all those things are boilable which can become thicker or fewer or heavier, or some parts of them become such while others the opposite, because by being separated some parts thicken while others become thin, as milk is separated into whey and curd.
τὸ δὲ ἔλαιον οὐχ ἕψεται αὐτὸ καθ᾿ ἑαυτό, ὅτι τού των οὐδὲν πάσχει.
But oil is not boiled by itself, because it undergoes none of these.
ἡ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὴν ἕψησιν λεγομένη πέ ψις τοῦτ᾿ ἐστίν· καὶ οὐδὲν διαφέρει ἐν ὀργάνοις τεχνικοῖς καὶ φυσικοῖς ἐάν τι γίγνηται· διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν γὰρ αἰτίαν πάντα ἔσται.
This, then, is the concoction spoken of in accordance with boiling; and it makes no difference whether it takes place in technical instruments or in natural organs; for all will be due to the same cause.
μόλυνσις δὲ ἀπεψία μὲν ἡ ἐναντία ἑψήσει· εἴη δ᾿ ἂν ἐναντία ἥ τε πρώτη λεχθεῖσα ἀπεψία τοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἀορίστου δι᾿ ἔνδειαν τῆς ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ τῷ πέριξ θερμότητος (ἡ δ᾿ ἔνδεια μετὰ ψυχρότητος ὅτι ἐστίν, εἴρηται)· γίγνεται δὲ διὰ κίνησιν ἄλλην· ἐκκρούεται γὰρ ἡ πέττουσα, καὶ ἡ ἔνδεια δὲ ἢ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ ψυχρότητος ἢ διὰ τὸ ἐν τῷ ἑψομένῳ πλῆθος· τότε γὰρ συμβαίνει τὴν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ θερμότητα πλείω μὲν εἶναι ἢ ὥστε μὴ κινῆσαι, ἐλάττω δὲ ἢ ὥστε ὁμαλῦναι καὶ συμπέψαι.
And molunsis (imperfect boiling) is the inconcoction opposite to boiling; and the opposite would be that first-mentioned inconcoction of the indeterminate in the body due to the lack of heat in the surrounding wet (and it has been said that this lack is accompanied by cold); and it comes to be due to another movement; for the concocting movement is driven out; and the lack is due either to the quantity of cold in the wet or to the quantity in the thing being boiled; for then it happens that the heat in the wet is more than enough to cause movement, but less than enough to make even and to concoct.
διὸ σκληρότερα μὲν τὰ μεμωλυσμένα γίγνεται τῶν ἑφθῶν, τὰ δ᾿ ὑγρὰ διωρισμένα μᾶλλον.
Wherefore things suffering molunsis become harder than boiled things, and the wet parts in them are more separated.
ἕψησις μὲν οὖν καὶ μόλυνσις εἴρηται, καὶ τί ἐστιν καὶ διὰ τί ἐστιν·
Boiling, then, and molunsis have been stated, both what they are and why they are.
ὄπτησις δ᾿ ἐστὶν πέψις ὑπὸ θερμότητος ξηρᾶς καὶ ἀλλοτρίας.
And roasting is concoction by dry and external heat.
διὰ τοῦτο κἂν ἕψων τις ποιῇ μεταβάλλειν καὶ πέττεσθαι, μὴ ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ ὑγροῦ θερμότητος ἀλλ᾿ ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ πυρός, ὅταν τελεσθῇ, ὀπτὸν γίγνεται καὶ οὐχ ἑφθόν, καὶ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ προσκεκαῦσθαι λέγεται· ὑπὸ ξηρᾶς δὲ θερμότητος γίγνεται ὅταν ξηρότερον γίγνηται ἐπιτελεσθέν.
For this reason, even if one, in boiling something, makes it change and be concocted, not by the heat of the wet but by that of the fire, when it is completed, it becomes roasted and not boiled; and if there is an excess, it is said to be scorched; and it comes to be by dry heat when, on being completed, it becomes drier.
διὸ καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς ξηρότερα τῶν ἐντὸς· τὰ δ᾿ ἑφθὰ τοὐναντίον.
Wherefore also the outer parts of roasted things are drier than the inner parts; but boiled things are the opposite.
καὶ ἔργον ἐπὶ τῶν χειροκμήτων τὸ ὀπτῆσαι μεῖζον ἢ ἑψῆσαι· χαλεπὸν γὰρ τὰ ἐκτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐντὸς ὁμαλῶς θερμαίνειν.
And in manual works, roasting is a greater task than boiling; for it is difficult to heat the outer and inner parts evenly.
ἀεὶ γὰρ τὰ ἐγγύτερον τοῦ πυρὸς ξηραίνεται θᾶττον, ὥστε καὶ μᾶλλον.
For the parts nearer the fire are always dried more quickly, and thus more.
συνιόντων οὖν τῶν ἔξω πόρων οὐ δύναται ἐκκρίνεσθαι τὸ ἐνυπάρχον ὑγρόν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐγκατακλείεται, ὅταν οἱ πόροι μύσωσιν.
Therefore, as the outer pores contract, the inherent wetness cannot be secreted, but is shut in when the pores close.
ὄπτησις μὲν οὖν καὶ ἔψησις γίγνονται μὲν τέχνῃ, ἔστιν δʼ, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, τὰ εἴδη καθόλου ταὐτὰ καὶ φύσει· ὅμοια γὰρ τὰ γιγνόμενα πάθη, ἀλλ᾿ ἀνώνυμα· μιμεῖται γὰρ ἡ τέχνη τὴν φύσιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ τῆς τροφῆς ἐν τῷ σώματι πέψις ὁμοία ἐφήσει ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ ἐν ὑγρῷ καὶ θερμῷ ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ σώματος θερμότητος γίγνεται.
Now roasting and boiling come to be by art, but, as we say, the forms are on the whole the same in nature too; for the affections that come to be are similar, though nameless; for art mimics nature, since indeed the concoction of food in the body is similar to boiling; for it comes to be in a wet and hot place under the influence of the body's heat.
καὶ ἀπεψίαι ἔνιαι ὅμοιαι τῇ μολύνσει.
And some inconcoctions are similar to molunsis.
καὶ ζῷον οὐκ ἐγγίγνεται ἐν τῇ πέψει, ὥσπερ τινές φασιν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐν τῇ ἀποκρίσει σηπομένῃ ἐν τῇ κάτω κοιλίᾳ, εἶτ᾿ ἐπανέρχεται ἄνω· πέττεται μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῇ ἄνω κοιλίᾳ, σήπεται δ᾿ ἐν τῇ κάτω τὸ ἀποκριθέν· δι᾿ ἣν δ᾿ αἰτίαν, εἴρηται ἐν ἑτέροις.
And an animal does not come to be in the concoction, as some say, but in the secretion rotting in the lower cavity, and then it goes back up; for it is concocted in the upper cavity, but what is secreted rots in the lower; and for what cause, has been stated in other works.
ἡ μὲν οὖν μόλυνσις τῇ ἑψήσει ἐναντίον· τῇ δὲ ὡς ὀπτήσει λεγομένῃ πέψει ἔστι μέν τι ἀντικείμενον ὁμοίως, ἀνωνυμώτερον δέ.
Now molunsis is opposite to boiling; and to the concoction spoken of as roasting there is likewise something opposed, but it is more nameless.
εἴη δ᾿ ἂ οἷον εἰ γένοιτο στάτευσις ἀλλὰ μὴ ὄπτησις δι᾿ ἔνδειαν θερμότητος, ἣ συμβαίη ἂν ἢ δι᾿ ὀλιγότητα τοῦ ἔξω πυρὸς ἢ διὰ πλῆθος τοῦ ἐν τῷ ὀπτωμένῳ ὕδατος· τότε γὰρ πλείων μέν ἐστιν ἢ ὥστε μὴ κινῆσαι, ἐλάττων δὲ ἢ ὥστε πέψαι.
It would be such as if 'stateusis' (imperfect roasting) were to come to be but not roasting, due to the lack of heat, which would happen either due to the small amount of the external fire or due to the quantity of water in the thing being roasted; for then it is more than enough to cause movement, but less than enough to concoct.
τί μὲν οὖν ἐστι πέψις καὶ ἀπεψία, καὶ πέπανσις καὶ ὠμότης, καὶ ἕψησις καὶ ὄπτησις καὶ τἀναντία τούτοις, εἴρηται.
What concoction, then, and inconcoction are, and ripening and rawness, and boiling and roasting and their opposites, have been stated.