§4.22 λοιπὸν δ᾿ εἰπεῖν τὰ ἐχόμενα εἴδη, ὅσα αἱ εἰρημέναι δυνάμεις ἐργάζονται ἐξ ὑποκειμένων τῶν φύσει συνεστώτων ἤδη.
[2] Now it remains to speak of the following forms, as many as the mentioned powers produce out of the underlying subjects that are already constituted by nature.
ἔστι δὴ θερμοῦ μὲν πέψις, πέψεως δὲ πέπανσις, ἕψησις, ἔτι ὄπτησις· ψυχρότητος δὲ ἀπεψία, ταύτης δὲ ὠμότης, μόλυνσις, στάτευσις.
Indeed, of heat there is concoction, and of concoction: ripening, boiling, and further roasting; while of cold there is inconcoction, and of this: rawness, parboiling, and parching.
δεῖ δὲ ὑπολαμβάνειν μὴ κυρίως ταῦτα λέγεσθαι τὰ ὀνόματα τοῖς πράγμασιν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ κεῖται καθόλου τοῖς ὁμοίοις, ὥστε οὐ ταῦτα ἀλλὰ τοιαῦτα δεῖ νομίζειν εἶναι τὰ εἰρημένα εἴδη.
But we must understand that these names are not applied strictly to the things, but they have not been established generally for similar phenomena; so we must consider that the mentioned forms are not strictly these, but of such a kind.
εἴπωμεν δ᾿ αὐτῶν ἕκαστον τί ἐστιν.
Let us state what each of them is.
πέψις μὲν οὖν ἐστιν τελείωσις ὑπὸ τοῦ φυσικοῦ καὶ οἰκείου θερμοῦ ἐκ τῶν ἀντικειμένων παθητικῶν· ταῦτα δ᾿ ἐστὶν ἡ οἰκεία ἑκάστῳ ὕλη.
Concoction, then, is a perfection by the natural and proper heat out of the opposite passive qualities; and these are the proper matter for each.
ὅταν γὰρ πεφθῇ, τετελείωταί τε καὶ γέγονεν.
For when a thing has been concocted, it has been perfected and has come to be.
καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς τελειώσεως ὑπὸ θερμότητος τῆς οἰκείας συμβαίνει, κἂν διά τινος τῶν ἐκτὸς βοηθείας συνεπιτελεσθῇ, οἷον ἡ τροφὴ συμπέττεται καὶ διὰ λουτρῶν καὶ δι᾿ ἄλλων τοιούτων· ἀλλ᾿ ἥ γε ἀρχὴ ἡ ἐν αὐτῷ θερμότης ἐστίν.
And the beginning of the perfection occurs by the proper heat, even if it is completed with the help of something external, as food is co-concocted both through baths and through other such things; but the beginning, at least, is the heat within the thing itself.
τὸ δὲ τέλος τοῖς μὲν ἡ φύσις ἐστίν, φύσις δὲ ἣν λέγομεν ὡς εἶδος καὶ οὐσίαν· τοῖς δὲ εἰς ὑποκειμένην τινὰ μορφὴν τὸ τέλος ἐστὶ τῆς πέψεως, ὅταν τοιονδὶ γένηται καὶ τοσονδὶ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἢ ὀπτώμενον ἢ ἑψόμενον ἢ σηπόμενον ἢ ἄλλως πως θερμαινόμενον·
And the end, for some things, is their nature—nature in the sense of form and substance; while for others, the end of concoction is to reach some underlying form, when the wet, whether being roasted or boiled or putrefied or heated in some other way, becomes of such a quality and quantity.
τότε γὰρ χρήσιμόν ἐστι καὶ πεπέφθαι φαμέν, ὥσπερ τὸ γλεῦκος καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς φύμασιν συνιστάμενα, ὅταν γένηται πύον, καὶ τὸ δάκρυον, ὅταν γένηται λήμη· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τἆλλα.
For then it is useful, and we say it has been concocted, just as must, and things that gather in pustules when they become pus, and tears when they become rheum; and likewise with other things.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο πάσχειν ἅπασιν, ὅταν κρατηθῇ ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἡ ὑγρότης· αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ὁριζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ φύσει θερμότητος.
And this happens to all of them when the matter and the wetness are mastered; for this is what is determined by the heat in nature.
ἕως γὰρ ἂν ἐνῇ ἐν αὐτῇ ὁ λόγος, φύσις τοῦτ᾿ ἐστίν.
For as long as the ratio is within it, this is its nature.
διὸ καὶ ὑγιείας σημεῖα τὰ τοιαῦτα, καὶ οὖρα καὶ ὑποχωρήσεις καὶ ὅλως τὰ περιττώματα.
Wherefore such things are also signs of health, both urine and bowel movements, and generally all excretions.
καὶ λέγεται πεπέφθαι, ὅτι δηλοῖ κρατεῖν τὴν θερμότητα τὴν οἰκείαν τοῦ ἀορίστου.
And they are said to be concocted because it shows that the proper heat masters the indeterminate.
ἀνάγκη δὲ τὰ πεττόμενα παχύτερα καὶ θερμότερα εἶναι· τοιοῦτον γὰρ ἀποτελεῖ τὸ θερμόν, εὐογκότερον καὶ παχύτερον καὶ ξηρότερον.
And it is necessary that things being concocted are thicker and hotter; for the hot produces such a result, making things more compact, thicker, and drier.
πέψις μὲν οὖν τοῦτο ἐστίν·
Concoction, then, is this.
ἀπεψία δὲ ἀτέλεια δι᾿ ἔνδειαν τῆς οἰκείας θερμότητος (ἡ δὲ ἔνδεια τῆς θερμότητος ψυχρότης ἐστίν)· ἡ δ᾿ ἀτέλειά ἐστιν τῶν ἀντικειμένων παθητικῶν, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἑκάστῳ φύσει ὕλη.
On the other hand, inconcoction is imperfection due to a lack of proper heat (and the lack of heat is cold); and this imperfection is that of the opposite passive qualities, which is the natural matter for each.
πέψις μὲν οὖν καὶ ἀπεψία διωρίσθω τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον.
Let concoction and inconcoction, then, be defined in this way.