§4.10#2διὸ καὶ ὑπ᾿ ἀμφοῖν καὶ εἶχεν ἄμφω.
Therefore they are congealed by both and contained both.
ὅσων μὲν οὖν ἅπαν ἐξικμάσθη, οἷον κέραμος ἢ ἤλεκτρον (καὶ γὰρ τὸ ἤλεκτρον, καὶ ὅσα λέγεται ὡς δάκρυα, ψύξει ξει ἐστίν, οἷον σμύρνα, λιβανωτός, κόμμι· καὶ τὸ ἢλεκτρον δὲ τούτου τοῦ γένους ἔοικεν, καὶ πήγνυται· ἐμπεριειλημμένα γοῦν ζῷα ἐν αὐτῷ φαίνεται· ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὸ θερμὸν ἐξιὸν ὥσπερ τοῦ ἑψομένου μέλιτος, ὅταν εἰς ὕδωρ ἀφεθῇ, ἐξατμίζει τὸ ὑγρόν), ταῦτα πάντα γῆς.
Therefore, of all those from which the moisture has been entirely evaporated, such as pottery or amber (for both amber and all those things called "tears" are due to cooling, such as myrrh, frankincense, gum; and amber also seems to belong to this class, and it congeals—at any rate, small animals are seen enclosed in it; and as the heat leaves it through the river, just as in the case of boiled honey when it is dropped into water, the moisture evaporates), all these are of earth.
καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄτηκτα καὶ ἀμάλακτα, οἷον τὸ ἢλεκτρον καὶ λίθοι ἔνιοι, ὥσπερ οἱ πῶροι οἱ ἐν τοῖς σπηλαίοις· καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι ὁμοίως γίγνονται τούτοις, καὶ οὐχ ὡς ὑπὸ πυρὸς ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ ψυχροῦ διεξιόντος τοῦ θερμοῦ συνεξέρχεται τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐξιόντος θερμοῦ· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἑτέροις ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔξωθεν πυρός.
And some are infusible and incapable of being softened, such as amber and certain stones, like the tufa-stones in caves; for these also are formed in the same way as those, and not as if by fire, but as if by cold, since when the heat passes through and goes out, the moisture exits together with the heat that escapes from within them; whereas in other cases it is by external fire.
ὅσα δὲ μὴ ὅλα, γῆς μέν ἐστι μᾶλλον, μαλακτὰ δέ, οἷον σίδηρος καὶ κέρας. (λιβανωτοὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα παραπλησίως τοῖς ξύλοις ἀτμίζει. ) ἐπεὶ οὖν τηκτά γε θετέον καὶ ὅσα τήκεται ὑπὸ πυρός, ταῦτ᾿ ἐστὶν ὑδατωδέστερα, ἔνια δὲ καὶ κοινά, οἷον κηρός·
And those which are not entirely so are rather of earth, but can be softened, as iron and horn. (But frankincense and such things smoke in a manner similar to wood.) Since, then, we must class as fusible those things which are melted by fire, these are more watery, though some are also common, as wax.
ὅσα δὲ ὑπὸ ὕδατος, ταῦτα δὲ γῆς· ὅσα δὲ μηδ᾿ ὑφ᾿ ἑτέρου, ταῦτα ἢ γῆς ἢ ἀμφοῖν.
And those melted by water are of earth; and those melted by neither are either of earth or of both.
εἰ οὖν ἅπαντα μὲν ἢ ὑγρὰ ἢ πεπηγότα, τούτων δὲ τὰ ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις πάθεσιν, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν μεταξύ, ἅπαντ᾿ ἂν εἴη εἰρημένα οἷς διαγνωσόμεθα πότερον γῆς ἢ ὕδατος ἢ πλειόλιβανωτὸν νων κοινόν, καὶ πότερον ὑπὸ πυρὸς συνέστηκεν· ἢ ψυχροῦ ἢ ἀμφοῖν.
If, then, all things are either liquid or congealed, and these are in the states mentioned, and there is nothing in between, we must have spoken of all the criteria by which we shall distinguish whether a thing is of earth or of water, or common to more, and whether it has been composed by fire, or by cold, or by both.
χρυσὸς μὲν δὴ καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ χαλκὸς καὶ καττίτερος καὶ μόλυβδος καὶ ὕαλος καὶ λίθοι πολλοὶ ἀνὼνυμοι ὕδατος· πάντα γὰρ τήκεται ταῦτα θερμῷ.
Thus gold, silver, bronze, tin, lead, glass, and many nameless stones are of water; for all these are melted by heat.
ἔτι οἶνοι ἔνιοι καὶ οὖρον καὶ ὄξος καὶ κονία καὶ ὀρὸς καὶ ἰχὼρ ὕδατος· πάντα γὰρ πήγνυται ψυχρῷ.
Further, certain wines, urine, vinegar, lye, whey, and serum are of water; for all are congealed by cold.
σίδηρος δὲ καὶ κέρας καὶ ὄνυξ καὶ ὀστοῦν καὶ νεῦρον καὶ ξύλον καὶ τρίχες καὶ φύλλα καὶ φλοιὸς γῆς μᾶλλον· ἔτι ἢλεκτρον, σμύρνα, λίβανος, καὶ πάντα τὰ δάκρυα λεγόμενα, καὶ πῶρος, καὶ οἱ καρποί, οἷον τὰ χεδροπά, καὶ σῖτος (τὰ τοιαῦτα γὰρ τὰ μὲν σφόδρα, τὰ δὲ ἧττον μὲν τούτων, ὅμως δὲ γῆς· τὰ μὲν γὰρ μαλακτά, τὰ δὲ θυμιατὰ καὶ φύξει γεγενημένα)·
On the other hand, iron, horn, nail, bone, sinew, wood, hair, leaves, and bark are rather of earth; further amber, myrrh, frankincense, and all things called "tears", and tufa-stone, and fruits, such as pod-vegetables and corn (for of such things some are very much so, and others less so than these, but yet they are of earth; for some are capable of being softened, and others are combustible, and are produced by cooling).
ἔτι νίτρον, ἅλες, λίθων γένη, ὅσα μήτε φύξει μήτε τηκτά.
Further natron, salts, and kinds of stones which are neither congealed by cooling nor fusible.
οἷμα δὲ καὶ γονὴ κοινὰ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος καὶ ἀέρος, τὸ μὲν ἔχον οἷμα ἶνας μᾶλλον γῆς (διὸ φύχει πήγνυται καὶ ὑγρῷ τήκεται), τὰ δὲ μὴ ἔχοντα ἶνας ὕδατος (διὸ καὶ οὐ πήγνυται).
Blood and semen are common to earth, water, and air; the blood that contains fibers is rather of earth (therefore it is congealed by cooling and melted by liquid), while those kinds which do not contain fibers are of water (therefore they also do not congeal).
γονὴ δὲ πήγνυται φύξει ἐξιόντος τοῦ ὑγροῦ μετὰ τοῦ θερμοῦ.
And semen is congealed by cooling, as its moisture goes out together with its heat.