§8.6περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀπορίας τῆς εἰρημένης περί τε τοὺς ὁρισμοὺς καὶ περὶ τοὺς ἀριθμούς, τί αἴτιον τοῦ ἓν εἶναι;
Concerning the difficulty mentioned with regard to both definitions and numbers, namely, what is the cause of their being one?
πάντων γὰρ ὅσα πλείω μέρη ἔχει καὶ μὴ ἔστιν οἷον σωρὸς τὸ πᾶν ἀλλʼ ἔστι τι τὸ ὅλον παρὰ τὰ μόρια, ἔστι τι αἴτιον, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι τοῖς μὲν ἁφὴ αἰτία τοῦ ἓν εἶναι τοῖς δὲ γλισχρότης ἤ τι πάθος ἕτερον τοιοῦτον.
For of all things which have multiple parts and where the whole is not like a heap but the whole is something besides the parts, there is some cause, since even in bodies, in some cases contact is the cause of their being one, and in others viscosity or some other such affection.
ὁ δʼ ὁρισμὸς λόγος ἐστὶν εἷς οὐ συνδέσμῳ καθάπερ ἡ Ἰλιὰς ἀλλὰ τῷ ἑνὸς εἶναι.
But a definition is a formula which is one, not by conjunction like the Iliad, but by being of one thing.
τί οὖν ἐστὶν ὃ ποιεῖ ἓν τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ διὰ τί ἓν ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλά, οἷον τό τε ζῷον καὶ τὸ δίπουν, ἄλλως τε δὴ καὶ εἰ ἔστιν, ὥσπερ φασί τινες, αὐτό τι ζῷον καὶ αὐτὸ δίπουν;
What is it, then, that makes man one, and why is he one and not many, such as 'animal' and 'two-footed', especially if there exist, as some say, an 'animal-itself' and a 'two-footed-itself'?
διὰ τί γὰρ οὐκ ἐκεῖνα αὐτὰ ὁ ἄνθρωπός ἐστι, καὶ ἔσονται κατὰ μέθεξιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὐκ ἀνθρώπου οὐδʼ ἑνὸς ἀλλὰ δυοῖν, ζῴου καὶ δίποδος, καὶ ὅλως δὴ οὐκ ἂν εἴη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἓν ἀλλὰ πλείω, ζῷον καὶ δίπουν;
For why are those things themselves not the man, and why will men exist by participation not in man, nor in one thing, but in two, namely, 'animal' and 'two-footed'? Indeed, in general, would man not be one but several things, namely, 'animal' and 'two-footed'?
φανερὸν δὴ ὅτι οὕτω μὲν μετιοῦσιν ὡς εἰώθασιν ὁρίζεσθαι καὶ λέγειν, οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἀποδοῦναι καὶ λῦσαι τὴν ἀπορίαν·
It is clear, then, that if they proceed in the way they are accustomed to define and speak, it is not possible to state and solve the difficulty.
εἰ δʼ ἐστίν, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, τὸ μὲν ὕλη τὸ δὲ μορφή, καὶ τὸ μὲν δυνάμει τὸ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ, οὐκέτι ἀπορία δόξειεν ἂν εἶναι τὸ ζητούμενον.
But if, as we say, one is matter and the other is form, and one is potentially and the other is actually, the object of inquiry would no longer seem to be a difficulty.
ἔστι γὰρ αὕτη ἡ ἀπορία ἡ αὐτὴ κἂν εἰ ὁ ὅρος εἴη ἱματίου στρογγύλος χαλκός· εἴη γὰρ ἂν σημεῖον τοὔνομα τοῦτο τοῦ λόγου, ὥστε τὸ ζητούμενόν ἐστι τί αἴτιον τοῦ ἓν εἶναι τὸ στρογγύλον καὶ τὸν χαλκόν.
For this difficulty is the same as if the definition of 'cloak' were 'round bronze'; for this name would be a sign of the formula, so that the object of inquiry is: what is the cause of the roundness and the bronze being one?
οὐκέτι δὴ ἀπορία φαίνεται, ὅτι τὸ μὲν ὕλη τὸ δὲ μορφή.
But indeed it no longer appears to be a difficulty, because one is matter and the other is form.
τί οὖν τούτου αἴτιον, τοῦ τὸ δυνάμει ὂν ἐνεργείᾳ εἶναι, παρὰ τὸ ποιῆσαν, ἐν ὅσοις ἔστι γένεσις;
What, then, is the cause of this—of that which is potentially being actually—besides the producing agent, in all those things where there is generation?
οὐθὲν γάρ ἐστιν αἴτιον ἕτερον τοῦ τὴν δυνάμει σφαῖραν ἐνεργείᾳ εἶναι σφαῖραν, ἀλλὰ τοῦτʼ ἦν τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι ἑκατέρῳ.
For there is no other cause of the potential sphere being an actual sphere, but this was the essence of each.
ἔστι δὲ τῆς ὕλης ἡ μὲν νοητὴ ἡ δʼ αἰσθητή, καὶ ἀεὶ τοῦ λόγου τὸ μὲν ὕλη τὸ δὲ ἐνέργειά ἐστιν, οἷον ὁ κύκλος σχῆμα ἐπίπεδον.
And of matter, some is intelligible and some is sensible, and in a formula one part is always matter and the other is actuality, as a circle is a flat figure.
ὅσα δὲ μὴ ἔχει ὕλην μήτε νοητὴν μήτε αἰσθητήν, εὐθὺς ὅπερ ἕν τί ἐστιν ἕκαστον, ὥσπερ καὶ ὅπερ ὄν τι, τὸ τόδε, τὸ ποιόν, τὸ ποσόν—διὸ καὶ οὐκ ἔνεστιν ἐν τοῖς ὁρισμοῖς οὔτε τὸ ὂν οὔτε τὸ ἕν—, καὶ τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι εὐθὺς ἕν τί ἐστιν ὥσπερ καὶ ὄν τι—διὸ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἕτερόν τι αἴτιον τοῦ ἓν εἶναι οὐθενὶ τούτων οὐδὲ τοῦ ὄν τι εἶναι·
But as for those things which do not have matter, whether intelligible or sensible, each of them is immediately a certain one, just as it is also immediately a certain being—the 'this', the quality, the quantity (which is also why neither 'being' nor 'one' is present in their definitions)—and the essence is immediately a certain one, just as it is also a certain being.
εὐθὺς γὰρ ἕκαστόν ἐστιν ὄν τι καὶ ἕν τι, οὐχ ὡς ἐν γένει τῷ ὄντι καὶ τῷ ἑνί, οὐδʼ ὡς χωριστῶν ὄντων παρὰ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα.
Therefore, there is no other cause of being one for any of these, nor of being a certain being; for each is immediately a certain being and a certain one, not as in the genus of 'being' or 'one', nor as existing separately besides the particulars.
διὰ ταύτην δὲ τὴν ἀπορίαν οἱ μὲν μέθεξιν λέγουσι, καὶ αἴτιον τί τῆς μεθέξεως καὶ τί τὸ μετέχειν ἀποροῦσιν· οἱ δὲ συνουσίαν, ὥσπερ Λυκόφρων φησὶν εἶναι τὴν ἐπιστήμην τοῦ ἐπίστασθαι καὶ ψυχῆς· οἱ δὲ σύνθεσιν ἢ σύνδεσμον ψυχῆς σώματι τὸ ζῆν.
Because of this difficulty, some speak of 'participation', and are puzzled as to what is the cause of participation and what participating is; others speak of 'association', as Lycophron says knowledge is the association of knowing and the soul; others say that living is a composition or conjunction of soul with body.
καίτοι ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος ἐπὶ πάντων· καὶ γὰρ τὸ ὑγιαίνειν ἔσται ἢ συνουσία ἢ σύνδεσμος ἢ σύνθεσις ψυχῆς καὶ ὑγιείας, καὶ τὸ τὸν χαλκὸν εἶναι τρίγωνον σύνθεσις χαλκοῦ καὶ τριγώνου, καὶ τὸ λευκὸν εἶναι σύνθεσις ἐπιφανείας καὶ λευκότητος.
Yet the same account applies to all cases; for being healthy will also be either an association or conjunction or composition of soul and health, and the bronze being a triangle will be a composition of bronze and triangle, and being white will be a composition of surface and whiteness.
αἴτιον δʼ ὅτι δυνάμεως καὶ ἐντελεχείας ζητοῦσι λόγον ἑνοποιὸν καὶ διαφοράν.
The cause of this is that they seek a unifying formula and a difference between potentiality and completion.
ἔστι δʼ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἡ ἐσχάτη ὕλη καὶ ἡ μορφὴ ταὐτὸ καὶ ἕν, δυνάμει, τὸ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ, ὥστε ὅμοιον τὸ ζητεῖν τοῦ ἑνὸς τί αἴτιον καὶ τοῦ ἓν εἶναι·
But as has been said, the ultimate matter and the form are the same and one thing, the one potentially, the other actually.
ἓν γάρ τι ἕκαστον, καὶ τὸ δυνάμει καὶ τὸ ἐνεργείᾳ ἕν πώς ἐστιν, ὥστε αἴτιον οὐθὲν ἄλλο πλὴν εἴ τι ὡς κινῆσαν ἐκ δυνάμεως εἰς ἐνέργειαν.
So that to seek what is the cause of their being one and of their being one is similar; for each is a certain one, and the potential and the actual are in a way one, so that there is no other cause except whatever acted as mover from potentiality to actuality.
ὅσα δὲ μὴ ἔχει ὕλην, πάντα ἁπλῶς ὅπερ ἕν τι.
But as for those things which do not have matter, they are all absolutely a certain one.