§12.3μετὰ ταῦτα ὅτι οὐ γίγνεται οὔτε ἡ ὕλη οὔτε τὸ εἶδος, λέγω δὲ τὰ ἔσχατα.
After this, we must state that neither the matter nor the form comes to be, I mean the ultimate ones.
πᾶν γὰρ μεταβάλλει τὶ καὶ ὑπό τινος καὶ εἴς τι· ὑφʼ οὗ μέν, τοῦ πρώτου κινοῦντος· ὃ δέ, ἡ ὕλη· εἰς ὃ δέ, τὸ εἶδος.
For everything that changes is changed by something, and from something, and into something; that by which it is changed is the prime mover; that which is changed is the matter; and that into which it is changed is the form.
εἰς ἄπειρον οὖν εἶσιν, εἰ μὴ μόνον ὁ χαλκὸς γίγνεται στρογγύλος ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ στρογγύλον ἢ ὁ χαλκός· ἀνάγκη δὴ στῆναι. —μετὰ ταῦτα ὅτι ἑκάστη ἐκ συνωνύμου γίγνεται οὐσία (τὰ γὰρ φύσει οὐσίαι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα).
Therefore, there would be an infinite regress, if not only the bronze becomes round, but also the roundness or the bronze comes to be; so we must stop. — After this, we must note that each substance comes to be from something synonymous (for things which exist by nature, and other things, are substances).
ἢ γὰρ τέχνῃ ἢ φύσει γίγνεται ἢ τύχῃ ἢ τῷ αὐτομάτῳ.
For they come to be either by art or by nature or by chance or by spontaneity.
ἡ μὲν οὖν τέχνη ἀρχὴ ἐν ἄλλῳ, ἡ δὲ φύσις ἀρχὴ ἐν αὐτῷ (ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἄνθρωπον γεννᾷ), αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ αἰτίαι στερήσεις τούτων.
Now art is a principle in something else, but nature is a principle in the thing itself (for man begets man), and the remaining causes are privations of these.
οὐσίαι δὲ τρεῖς, ἡ μὲν ὕλη τόδε τι οὖσα τῷ φαίνεσθαι (ὅσα γὰρ ἁφῇ καὶ μὴ συμφύσει, ὕλη καὶ ὑποκείμενον), ἡ δὲ φύσις τόδε τι καὶ ἕξις τις εἰς ἥν· ἔτι τρίτη ἡ ἐκ τούτων ἡ καθʼ ἕκαστα, οἷον Σωκράτης ἢ Καλλίας.
And there are three kinds of substance: first, matter, which is a 'this' by being apparent (for whatever exists by contact and not by organic unity is matter and substrate); second, nature, which is a 'this' and a certain state into which the change proceeds; and third, the particular substance composed of these, such as Socrates or Callias.
ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τινῶν τὸ τόδε τι οὐκ ἔστι παρὰ τὴν συνθετὴν οὐσίαν, οἷον οἰκίας τὸ εἶδος, εἰ μὴ ἡ τέχνη (οὐδʼ ἔστι γένεσις καὶ φθορὰ τούτων, ἀλλʼ ἄλλον τρόπον εἰσὶ καὶ οὐκ εἰσὶν οἰκία τε ἡ ἄνευ ὕλης καὶ ὑγίεια καὶ πᾶν τὸ κατὰ τέχνην), ἀλλʼ εἴπερ, ἐπὶ τῶν φύσει·
In some cases, then, the 'this' does not exist apart from the composite substance, as in the case of the form of a house, unless art is that form (and there is no generation and destruction of these, but in another way the house without matter exists and does not exist, as do health and everything that is according to art); but if it does exist apart, it is in the case of natural things.
διὸ δὴ οὐ κακῶς Πλάτων ἔφη ὅτι εἴδη ἔστιν ὁπόσα φύσει, εἴπερ ἔστιν εἴδη ἄλλα τούτων οἷον πῦρ σὰρξ κεφαλή· ἅπαντα γὰρ ὕλη ἐστί, καὶ τῆς μάλιστʼ οὐσίας ἡ τελευταία.
Therefore Plato was not wrong in saying that there are forms for all things that exist by nature, if indeed there are forms other than these things, such as fire, flesh, and head; for all these are matter, and the ultimate matter of what is most truly substance.
τὰ μὲν οὖν κινοῦντα αἴτια ὡς προγεγενημένα ὄντα, τὰ δʼ ὡς ὁ λόγος ἅμα.
The moving causes, then, exist as having existed beforehand, but those which are causes as the formula exist simultaneously.
ὅτε γὰρ ὑγιαίνει ὁ ἄνθρωπος, τότε καὶ ἡ ὑγίεια ἔστιν, καὶ τὸ σχῆμα τῆς χαλκῆς σφαίρας ἅμα καὶ ἡ χαλκῆ σφαῖρα (εἰ δὲ καὶ ὕστερόν τι ὑπομένει, σκεπτέον· ἐπʼ ἐνίων γὰρ οὐδὲν κωλύει, οἷον εἰ ἡ ψυχὴ τοιοῦτον, μὴ πᾶσα ἀλλʼ ὁ νοῦς· πᾶσαν γὰρ ἀδύνατον ἴσως).
For when the man is healthy, then health also exists, and the shape of the bronze sphere exists simultaneously with the bronze sphere. (But whether anything remains even afterwards, must be considered; for in some cases nothing prevents it, for instance if the soul is of this sort, not all of it, but the mind; for that all of it should remain is perhaps impossible).
φανερὸν δὴ ὅτι οὐδὲν δεῖ διά γε ταῦτʼ εἶναι τὰς ἰδέας· ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἄνθρωπον γεννᾷ, ὁ καθʼ ἕκαστον τὸν τινά· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν τεχνῶν· ἡ γὰρ ἰατρικὴ τέχνη ὁ λόγος τῆς ὑγιείας ἐστίν.
It is clear, then, that there is no need on these grounds for the Ideas to exist; for man begets man, the individual begets a particular individual; and similarly in the case of the arts, for the art of medicine is the formula of health.