§9.7Ὅλως δὲ περὶ τοὺς βίους πολλὰ ἂν θεωρηθείη μιμήματα τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ζωῆς, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ἢ μειζόνων ἴδοι τις ἂν τὴν τῆς διανοίας ἀκρίβειαν, οἷον πρῶτον ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων ἡ τῆς χελιδόνος σκηνοπηγία· τῇ γὰρ περὶ τὸν πηλὸν ἀχυρώσει τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει τάξιν.
On the whole, in regard to their modes of life, many imitations of human life may be observed in the other animals; and one may see the precision of intelligence more in the smaller than in the larger ones, as first among the birds, the nest-building of the swallow; for in mixing chaff with the clay she follows the same order.
Συγκαταπλέκει γὰρ τοῖς κάρφεσι πηλόν· κἂν ἀπορῆται πηλοῦ, βρέχουσα αὑτὴν καλινδεῖται τοῖς πτεροῖς πρὸς τὴν κόνιν.
For she weaves clay together with the straw; and if she is short of clay, she wets herself and rolls her feathers in the dust.
Ἔτι δὲ στιβαδοποιεῖται καθάπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι, τὰ σκληρὰ πρῶτα ὑποτιθεῖσα καὶ τῷ μεγέθει σύμμετρον ποιοῦσα πρὸς αὑτήν.
Furthermore, she makes her bed just as humans do, putting the hard things underneath first and making it symmetrical in size to herself.
Περί τε τὴν τροφὴν τῶν τέκνων ἐκπονεῖται ἀμφότερα· δίδωσι δ’ ἑκατέρῳ διατηροῦσά τινι συνηθείᾳ τὸ προειληφός, ὅπως μὴ δὶς λάβῃ.
And as to the feeding of the young, both parents labor; and she gives to each, distinguishing by a certain habit of observation the one that has already received, so that it may not receive twice.
Καὶ τὴν κόπρον τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αὐταὶ ἐκβάλλουσιν, ὅταν δ’ αὐξηθῶσι, μεταστρέφοντας ἔξω διδάσκουσι τοὺς νεοττοὺς προΐεσθαι.
And as for the dung, at first they themselves carry it out, but when the young have grown, they teach them to turn around and void it outside.
Περί τε τὰς περιστερὰς ἔστιν ἕτερα τοιαύτην ἔχοντα τὴν θεωρίαν· οὔτε γὰρ συνδυάζεσθαι θέλουσι πλείοσιν, οὔτε προαπολείπουσι τὴν κοινωνίαν, πλὴν ἐὰν χῆρος ἢ χήρα γένηται.
And concerning pigeons, there are other characteristics that present a similar subject for observation; for they do not wish to mate with more than one, nor do they abandon their partnership beforehand, unless one becomes a widower or a widow.
Ἔτι δὲ περὶ τὴν ὠδῖνα δεινὴ ἡ τοῦ ἄρρενος θεραπεία καὶ συναγανάκτησις· ἐάν τ’ ἀπομαλακίζηται πρὸς τὴν εἴσοδον τῆς νεοττιᾶς διὰ τὴν λοχείαν, τύπτει καὶ ἀναγκάζει εἰσιέναι.
Furthermore, at the time of egg-laying, the male's care and shared anxiety are remarkable; and if she shrinks from entering the nest because of her labor, he strikes her and forces her to go in.
Γενομένων δὲ τῶν νεοττῶν τῆς ἁλμυριζούσης μάλιστα γῆς διαμασησάμενος εἰσπτύει τοῖς νεοττοῖς διοιγνὺς τὸ στόμα, προπαρασκευάζων πρὸς τὴν τροφήν.
And when the young are born, he chews up especially salty earth and spits it into the mouths of the young, opening their beaks, preparing them for food.
Ὅταν δ’ ἐκ τῆς νεοττιᾶς ἐξάγειν μέλλῃ, πάντας ὁ ἄρρην ὀχεύει.
And when he is about to lead them out of the nest, the male mounts them all.
Ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον στέργουσιν ἀλλήλας, παροχεύονται δέ ποτε καὶ τῶν τοὺς ἄρρενας ἐχουσῶν τινές.
In this manner, then, they generally love one another; yet sometimes even some of those females who have mates allow themselves to be mounted by others.
Ἔστι δὲ μάχιμον τὸ ζῷον, καὶ ἐνοχλοῦσιν ἀλλήλαις, καὶ εἰς τὰς νεοττιὰς παραδύονται τὰς ἀλλήλων, ὀλιγάκις μέντοι· καὶ γὰρ ἂν ἄποθεν ἧττον ᾖ, ἀλλὰ παρά γε τὴν νεοττιὰν διαμάχονται ἐσχάτως.
And the animal is combative, and they annoy one another, and creep into one another's nests, though rarely; for even if they do so less when far away, yet near the nest they fight to the death.
Ἴδιον δὲ ταῖς περιστεραῖς δοκεῖ συμβεβηκέναι καὶ ταῖς φαψὶ καὶ τρυγόσι τὸ μὴ ἀνακύπτειν πινούσας, ἐὰν μὴ ἱκανὸν πίωσιν.
It seems to be a peculiar characteristic of pigeons, wild pigeons, and turtle-doves that they do not raise their heads when drinking until they have drunk enough.
Ἔχει δὲ τὸν ἄρρενα ἡ τρυγὼν τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ φάττα, καὶ ἄλλον οὐ προσίενται· καὶ ἐπῳάζουσιν ἀμφότεροι καὶ ὁ ἄρρην καὶ ἡ θήλεια.
And the turtle-dove and the ring-dove keep the same male, and do not admit another; and both, the male and the female, incubate the eggs.
Διαγνῶναι δ’ οὐ ῥᾴδιον τὴν θήλειαν καὶ τὸν ἄρρενα, ἀλλ’ ἢ τοῖς ἐντός.
But it is not easy to distinguish the female and the male, except by their internal organs.
Ζῶσι δ’ αἱ φάτται πολὺν χρόνον· καὶ γὰρ εἴκοσιν ἔτη καὶ πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα ὠμμέναι εἰσίν, ἔνιαι δὲ καὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη.
And ring-doves live a long time; for they have been observed to live twenty-five and thirty-five years, and some even forty years.
Πρεσβυτέρων δὲ γινομένων αὐτῶν οἱ ὄνυχες αὐξάνονται· ἀλλ’ ἀποτέμνουσιν οἱ τρέφοντες.
And as they grow older, their claws grow long; but those who keep them cut them off.
Ἄλλο δ’ οὐδὲν βλάπτονται ἐπιδήλως γηράσκουσαι.
In other respects they suffer no obvious damage as they grow old.
Καὶ αἱ τρυγόνες δὲ καὶ αἱ περιστεραὶ ζῶσι καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη αἱ τετυφλωμέναι ὑπὸ τῶν παλευτρίας τρεφόντων αὐτάς.
And turtle-doves and pigeons also live as much as eight years, even when blinded by those who keep them as decoy-birds.
Ζῶσι δὲ καὶ οἱ πέρδικες περὶ πεντεκαίδεκ’ ἔτη.
And partridges also live about fifteen years.
Νεοττεύουσι δὲ καὶ αἱ φάβες καὶ αἱ τρυγόνες ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τόποις ἀεί.
And wild pigeons and turtle-doves always nest in the same places.
Πολυχρονιώτερα δ’ ὅλως μέν ἐστι τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλέων, ἐπὶ δὲ τούτων τελευτᾶν φασί τινες πρότερον τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλέων, τεκμαιρόμενοι ἐκ τῶν κατ’ οἰκίαν τρεφομένων παλευτριῶν.
On the whole, the males are longer-lived than the females, but in the case of these birds, some say that the males die before the females, conjecturing this from the decoy-birds kept in houses.
Λέγουσι δέ τινες καὶ τῶν στρουθίων ἐνιαυτὸν μόνον ζῆν τοὺς ἄρρενας, ποιούμενοι σημεῖον ὅτι τοῦ ἔαρος οὐ φαίνονται ἔχοντες εὐθὺς τὰ περὶ τὸν πώγωνα μέλανα, ὕστερον δ’ ἴσχουσιν, ὡς οὐδενὸς σωζομένου τῶν προτέρων·
And some say also that of sparrows the males live only a single year, making it a sign that in the spring they do not appear having immediately the black parts around the throat, but get them later, as if none of the former ones survived.
τὰς δὲ θηλείας μακροβιωτέρας εἶναι τῶν στρουθίων· ταύτας γὰρ ἁλίσκεσθαι ἐν τοῖς νέοις, καὶ διαδήλας εἶναι τῷ ἔχειν τὰ περὶ τὰ χείλη σκληρά.
But they say that the female sparrows are longer-lived; for these are captured among the young ones, and are distinguishable by having the parts around the beak hard.
Διάγουσι δ’ αἱ μὲν τρυγόνες τοῦ θέρους ἐν τοῖς χειμερίοις, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ἐν τοῖς ἀλεεινοῖς, αἱ δὲ σπίζαι τοῦ μὲν θέρους ἐν τοῖς ἀλεεινοῖς, τοῦ δὲ χειμῶνος ἐν τοῖς ψυχροῖς.
And turtle-doves spend the summer in cold regions, and the winter in warm ones; but chaffinches spend the summer in warm regions, and the winter in cold ones.