§8.2#1Διῄρηνται δὲ κατὰ τοὺς τόπους· τὰ μὲν γὰρ πεζὰ τὰ δ’ ἔνυδρα τῶν ζῴων ἐστίν.
And they are divided according to their localities; for some of the animals are land-dwelling, and others are aquatic.
Διχῶς δὲ λεγομένης ταύτης τῆς διαφορᾶς, τὰ μὲν τῷ δέχεσθαι τὸν ἀέρα, τὰ δὲ τῷ τὸ ὕδωρ, λέγεται τὰ μὲν πεζὰ τὰ δ’ ἔνυδρα· τὰ δ’ οὐ δεχόμενα μέν, πεφυκότα μέντοι πρὸς τὴν κρᾶσιν τῆς ψύξεως τὴν ἐφ’ ἑκατέρου τούτων ἱκανῶς, τὰ μὲν πεζὰ τὰ δ’ ἔνυδρα καλεῖται, οὔτ’ ἀναπνέοντα οὔτε δεχόμενα τὸ ὕδωρ, τῷ δὲ τὴν τροφὴν ποιεῖσθαι καὶ διαγωγὴν ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τούτων.
This distinction being made in two ways, some are called land animals and others aquatic from the fact that the former receive air, and the latter water; but others, though they do not receive [either], yet because they are naturally suited in their temperament to the cooling of each of these media sufficiently, are called land-dwelling or aquatic, while neither breathing nor receiving water, but by the fact that they obtain their food and pass their lives in one or the other of these.
Πολλὰ γὰρ δεχόμενα τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ τοὺς τόκους ἐν τῇ γῇ ποιούμενα, τὴν τροφὴν ἐκ τῶν ἐνύδρων ποιεῖται τόπων καὶ διατρίβει τὸν πλεῖστον ἐν ὕδατι χρόνον· ἅπερ ἔοικεν ἐπαμφοτερίζειν μόνα τῶν ζῴων· καὶ γὰρ ὡς πεζὰ καὶ ὡς ἔνυδρά τις ἂν θείη.
For many animals that receive air, and produce their offspring on land, obtain their food from aquatic places and spend most of their time in water; these alone of animals seem to lead a double life, for one might class them both as land animals and as aquatic.
Τῶν δὲ δεχομένων τὸ ὑγρὸν οὐθὲν οὔτε πεζὸν οὔτε πτηνόν, οὐδὲ τὴν τροφὴν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ποιεῖται, τῶν δὲ πεζῶν καὶ δεχομένων τὸν ἀέρα πολλά.
But of those that receive water, none is either a land animal or winged, nor does any obtain its food from the land, whereas of land animals that receive air, many do.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν οὕτως ὥστε μηδὲ ζῆν δύνασθαι χωριζόμενα τῆς τοῦ ὕδατος φύσεως, οἷον αἵ τε καλούμεναι θαλάττιαι χελῶναι καὶ κροκόδειλοι καὶ ἵπποι ποτάμιοι καὶ φῶκαι καὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ζῴων οἷον αἵ τ’ ἐμύδες καὶ τὸ τῶν βατράχων γένος· ταῦτα γὰρ ἅπαντα μὴ διά τινος ἀναπνεύσαντα χρόνου ἀποπνίγεται.
And some are in such a condition that they cannot even live when separated from the nature of water, such as those called sea-turtles, crocodiles, hippopotamuses, seals, and of the smaller animals, such as freshwater turtles and the class of frogs; for all of these suffocate unless they breathe after a certain interval of time.
Καὶ τίκτει δὲ καὶ ἐκτρέφει ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ· τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῷ ξηρῷ, διάγει δ’ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ.
And they also breed and rear their young on dry land; or near the dry land, though they pass their lives in the water.
Περιττότατα δὲ πάντων ὁ δελφὶς ἔχει τῶν ζῴων, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τῶν ἐνύδρων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων κητωδῶν ὅσα, τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, οἷον φάλαινα καὶ ὅσ’ ἄλλ’ αὐτῶν ἔχει αὐλόν.
But the dolphin of all animals has the most extraordinary character, and if there is any other such among aquatic animals and among the other cetaceans that are of this manner, such as the whale and all others of them that have a blowhole.
Οὐ γὰρ ῥᾴδιον οὔτ’ ἔνυδρον θεῖναι μόνον τούτων ἕκαστον οὔτε πεζόν, εἰ πεζὰ μὲν τὰ δεχόμενα τὸν ἀέρα θετέον, τὰ δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ ἔνυδρα τὴν φύσιν.
For it is not easy to class each of these as solely aquatic or as terrestrial, if we must define land animals as those that receive air, and those that receive water as aquatic in their nature.
Ἀμφοτέρων γὰρ μετείληφεν· καὶ γὰρ τὴν θάλατταν δέχεται καὶ ἀφίησι κατὰ τὸν αὐλόν, καὶ τὸν ἀέρα τῷ πλεύμονι.
For they participate in both; since they receive sea-water and discharge it through their blowhole, and air by means of their lung.
Τοῦτο γὰρ ἔχουσι τὸ μόριον, καὶ ἀναπνέουσιν· διὸ καὶ λαμβανόμενος ὁ δελφὶς ἐν τοῖς δικτύοις ἀποπνίγεται ταχέως διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀναπνεῖν.
For they possess this organ and breathe; which is why the dolphin, when caught in nets, quickly suffocates because of not breathing.
Καὶ ἔξω δὲ ζῇ πολὺν χρόνον μύζων καὶ στένων, ὥσπερ καὶ τἆλλα τῶν ἀναπνεόντων ζῴων· ἔτι δὲ καθεύδων ὑπερέχει τὸ ῥύγχος, ὅπως ἀναπνέῃ.
And it also lives for a long time out of water, squeaking and groaning, just like the other breathing animals; moreover, when sleeping it keeps its snout above water so that it may breathe.
Τὰ δ’ αὐτὰ τάττειν εἰς ἀμφοτέρας τὰς διαιρέσεις ἄτοπον, ὑπεναντίους οὔσας· ἀλλ’ ἔοικεν εἶναι τὸ ἔνυδρον ἔτι προσδιοριστέον.
But to class the same things under both divisions, which are opposite, is absurd; rather, it seems that "aquatic" must be further defined.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ δέχεται τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀφίησι διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν δι’ ἥνπερ τὰ ἀναπνέοντα τὸν ἀέρα, καταψύξεως χάριν, τὰ δὲ διὰ τὴν τροφήν· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἐν ὑγρῷ λαμβάνοντα ταύτην καὶ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἅμα δέχεσθαι, καὶ δεχόμενα ὄργανον ἔχειν ᾧ ἐκπέμψει.
For some receive water and discharge it for the very same reason for which those breathing receive air—namely, for the sake of cooling—while others do so on account of food; for it is necessary for those that take this in a liquid medium to receive the liquid at the same time, and since they receive it, they must have an organ by which they will expel it.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀνάλογον τῇ ἀναπνοῇ χρώμενα τῷ ὑγρῷ βράγχια ἔχει, τὰ δὲ διὰ τὴν τροφὴν αὐλὸν τῶν ἐναίμων ζῴων.
Those, then, that use liquid analogously to breathing have gills, while of blooded animals those that do so on account of food have a blowhole.
Ὁμοίως δὲ τά τε μαλάκια καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα δέχεται τὸ ὑγρὸν διὰ τὴν τροφήν.
And likewise the molluscs and the crustaceans; for these also receive the liquid on account of food.
Ἔνυδρα δ’ ἐστὶ τὸν ἕτερον τρόπον, διὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος κρᾶσιν καὶ τὸν βίον, ὅσα δέχεται μὲν τὸν ἀέρα ζῇ δ’ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ, ἢ ὅσα δέχεται μὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ ἔχει βράγχια, πορεύεται δ’ εἰς τὸ ξηρὸν καὶ λαμβάνει τροφήν.
But they are aquatic in the other way—by reason of the temperament of their body and their mode of life—whichever both receive air but live in the liquid, or whichever receive the liquid and have gills, but go onto dry land and obtain food.
Ἒν δὲ μόνον νῦν ὦπται τοιοῦτον, ὁ καλούμενος κορδύλος· οὗτος γὰρ πλεύμονα μὲν οὐκ ἔχει ἀλλὰ βράγχια, τετράπουν δ’ ἐστὶν ὡς καὶ πεζεύειν πεφυκός.
And only one such has been observed up to now, the so-called cordylus; for this does not have lungs but gills, yet it is a quadruped naturally suited to walk on land.
Τούτων δὲ πάντων ἔοικεν ἡ φύσις ὡσπερανεὶ διεστράφθαι, καθάπερ τῶν τε ἀρρένων ἔνια γίνεται θηλυκὰ καὶ τῶν θηλέων ἀρρενωπά.
And the nature of all of these seems as if it were inverted, just as some of the males become female-like and some of the females male-like.
Ἐν μικροῖς γὰρ μορίοις λαμβάνοντα τὰ ζῷα διαφορὰν μέγα διαφέρειν φαίνονται κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ὅλου σώματος φύσιν.
For when animals receive a variation in small parts, they appear to differ greatly in the nature of their whole body.
Δηλοῖ δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐκτεμνομένων· μικροῦ γὰρ μορίου πηρωθέντος εἰς τὸ θῆλυ μεταβάλλει τὸ ζῷον, ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐξ ἀρχῆς συστάσει ἀκαριαίου τινὸς μεταβάλλοντος τῷ μεγέθει, ἐὰν ᾖ ἀρχοειδές, γίνεται τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν, ὅλως δ’ ἀναιρεθέντος οὐδέτερον.
This is clear in the case of castrated animals; for when a small part is mutilated, the animal transitions into the female, so that it is clear that also in the original constitution, when some minute part in size changes, if it is of a ruling character, one becomes female and the other male, and if it is entirely destroyed, neither.
Ὥστε καὶ τὸ πεζὸν καὶ τὸ ἔνυδρον εἶναι κατ’ ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς τρόπους, ἐν μικροῖς μορίοις γινομένης τῆς μεταβολῆς συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι τὰ μὲν πεζὰ τὰ δ’ ἔνυδρα τῶν ζῴων.
Consequently, with regard to being terrestrial and aquatic in both ways, because the change occurs in small parts, it happens that some of the animals become land-dwellers and others aquatic.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἐπαμφοτερίζει, τὰ δ’ ἐπαμφοτερίζει, διὰ τὸ μετέχειν τι τῆς ὕλης ἐν τῇ συστάσει τῆς γενέσεως, ἐξ οἵας ποιεῖται τὴν τροφήν· προσφιλὲς γὰρ ἑκάστῳ τῶν ζῴων τὸ κατὰ φύσιν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον.
And some do not double their character, while others do, because they participate to some extent, in the constitution of their generation, in the matter of which they obtain their food; for what is natural is dear to each of the animals, just as was also said before.