§8.2#2Διῃρημένων δὲ τῶν ζῴων εἰς τὸ ἔνυδρον καὶ πεζὸν τριχῶς, τῷ δέχεσθαι τὸν ἀέρα ἢ τὸ ὕδωρ, καὶ τῇ κράσει τῶν σωμάτων, τὸ δὲ τρίτον ταῖς τροφαῖς, ἀκολουθοῦσιν οἱ βίοι κατὰ ταύτας τὰς διαιρέσεις·
As animals are divided into aquatic and terrestrial in three ways—namely, by receiving air or water, by the temperament of their bodies, and thirdly by their food—their lives follow according to these divisions.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τὴν κρᾶσιν καὶ τὴν τροφὴν ἀκολουθοῦσι, καὶ κατὰ τὸ δέχεσθαι τὸ ὕδωρ ἢ τὸν ἀέρα, τὰ δὲ τῇ κράσει καὶ τοῖς βίοις μόνον.
For some follow according to their temperament and food, as well as according to receiving water or air, while others follow only their temperament and lives.
Τῶν μὲν οὖν ὀστρακοδέρμων ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἀκινητίζοντα τρέφεται τῷ ποτίμῳ· διηθεῖται γὰρ διὰ τῶν πυκνῶν διὰ τὸ λεπτότερον εἶναι τῆς θαλάττης συμπεττομένης, ὥσπερ καὶ τὴν ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς λαμβάνει γένεσιν.
Now, among testaceous animals, those that are stationary feed on fresh water; for it is filtered through the dense parts [of the shell] because of being finer than the rest of the sea-water as it is condensed, just as they obtain their original generation from the beginning.
Ὅτι δ’ ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ πότιμον ἔνεστι καὶ τοῦτο διηθεῖσθαι δύναται, φανερόν ἐστιν·
And that there is fresh water in the sea and that this can be filtered is clear; for an experiment has already been made of this.
ἤδη γὰρ εἰληφέναι τούτου συμβέβηκε πεῖραν. Ἐὰν γάρ τις κήρινον πλάσας λεπτὸν ἀγγεῖον καὶ περιδήσας καθῇ εἰς τὴν θάλατταν κενόν, ἐν νυκτὶ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ λαμβάνει ὕδατος πλῆθος, καὶ τοῦτο φαίνεται πότιμον.
For if one fashions a thin vessel of wax and, having bound it, lets it down empty into the sea, in a night and a day it receives a quantity of water, and this appears to be fresh.
Αἱ δ’ ἀκαλῆθαι τρέφονται ὅ τι ἂν προσπέσῃ ἰχθύδιον.
On the other hand, sea-anemones feed on whatever small fish falls in their way.
Ἔχει δὲ τὸ στόμα ἐν μέσῳ· δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο μάλιστ’ ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγάλων.
They have their mouth in the middle, and this is most obvious in the large ones.
Ἔχει δ’ ὥσπερ τὰ ὄστρεα, ᾗ ὑποχωρεῖ ἔξω ἡ τροφή, πόρον.
And they have, like shellfish, a passage through which the residue of food evacuates.
Ἔστι δ’ οὗτος ἄνω· ἔοικε γὰρ ἡ ἀκαλήφη ὥσπερ τὸ ἔσω εἶναι τῶν ὀστρέων τὸ σαρκῶδες, τῇ δὲ πέτρᾳ χρῆσθαι ὡς ὀστρέῳ.
This is at the top; for the sea-anemone seems to be like the fleshy part inside shellfish, and to use the rock as a shell.
Καὶ αἱ λεπάδες δ’ ἀπολυόμεναι μεταχωροῦσι καὶ τρέφονται.
Limpets also, detaching themselves, move about and feed.
Ὅσα δὲ κινητικά, τὰ μὲν ζῳοφαγοῦντα τρέφεται τοῖς μικροῖς ἰχθυδίοις, οἷον ἡ πορφύρα· σαρκοφάγον γάρ ἐστι, διὸ καὶ δελεάζεται τοῖς τοιούτοις· τὰ δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ φυομένοις.
Of those that are capable of motion, the carnivorous ones feed on small fish, like the purple-fish; for it is carnivorous, which is why it is enticed by such bait; and some feed also on things growing in the sea.
Αἱ δὲ χελῶναι αἱ θαλάττιαι τά τε κογχύλια νέμονται (ἔχουσι γὰρ τὸ στόμα ἰσχυρότερον πάντων· ὅτου γὰρ ἂν ἐπιλάβηται, ἢ λίθου ἢ ἄλλου ὁτουοῦν, ἀπεσθίει καὶ κατάγνυσιν), καὶ ἐξιοῦσα τὴν πόαν νέμεται.
Sea-turtles feed on shellfish (for they have a mouth stronger than all; for whatever they seize, whether a stone or anything else, they bite off and break), and going out on land, they feed on grass.
Πονοῦσι δὲ καὶ ἀπόλλυνται πολλάκις, ὅταν ἐπιπολάζουσαι ξηρανθῶσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου· καταφέρεσθαι γὰρ πάλιν οὐ δύνανται ῥᾳδίως.
But they suffer and often perish when, floating on the surface, they are dried up by the sun; for they cannot easily descend again.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα παμφάγα· καὶ γὰρ λίθους καὶ ἰλὺν καὶ φυκία νέμονται καὶ κόπρον, οἷον οἱ πετραῖοι τῶν καρκίνων, καὶ σαρκοφαγοῦσιν.
In the same way also the crustaceans live; for these are omnivorous, since they feed on stones, mud, seaweed, and dung (such as the rock-dwelling crabs) and they are also carnivorous.
Οἱ δὲ κάραβοι κρατοῦσι μὲν καὶ τῶν μεγάλων ἰχθύων, καί τις συμβαίνει περιπέτεια τούτων ἐνίοις·
Spiny lobsters master even large fish, and a certain reversal of fortune happens to some of these.
τοὺς μὲν γὰρ καράβους οἱ πολύποδες κρατοῦσιν, ὥστε κἂν ὄντας πλησίον ἐν ταὐτῷ δικτύῳ αἴσθωνται, ἀποθνήσκουσιν οἱ κάραβοι διὰ τὸν φόβον· οἱ δὲ κάραβοι τοὺς γόγγρους· διὰ γὰρ τὴν τραχύτητα οὐκ ἐξολισθαίνουσιν αὐτῶν· οἱ δὲ γόγγροι τοὺς πολύποδας κατεσθίουσιν· οὐδὲν γὰρ αὐτοῖς διὰ τὴν λειότητα δύνανται χρῆσθαι.
For octopuses master spiny lobsters, so that even if they perceive them near in the same net, the spiny lobsters die because of fear; but spiny lobsters master conger eels, for because of their roughness they do not slip away from them; and conger eels devour octopuses, for the octopuses can do nothing to them because of their smoothness.
Τὰ δὲ μαλάκια πάντα σαρκοφάγα ἐστίν.
All molluscs are carnivorous.
Νέμονται δ’ οἱ κάραβοι τὰ ἰχθύδια θηρεύοντες παρὰ τὰς θαλάμας· καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς πελάγεσιν ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις γίνονται τόποις οἳ ἂν ὧσι τραχεῖς καὶ λιθώδεις· ἐν τούτοις γὰρ ποιοῦνται καὶ τὰς θαλάμας· ὅ τι δ’ ἂν λάβῃ, προσάγεται πρὸς τὸ στόμα τῇ δικρόᾳ χηλῇ καθάπερ οἱ καρκίνοι.
Spiny lobsters feed by hunting small fish near their holes; for in the deep sea they are found in such places as are rough and stony, since in these they also make their holes; and whatever they catch, they bring to their mouth with their double claw just like crabs.
Βαδίζει δὲ κατὰ φύσιν μὲν εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν, ὅταν ἄφοβος ᾖ, καταβαλὼν τὰ κέρατα πλάγια· ὅταν δὲ φοβηθῇ, φεύγει ἀνάπαλιν καὶ μακρὰν ἐξακοντίζει.
They walk naturally forward when they are fearless, letting their antennae fall sideways; but when they are afraid, they flee backward and shoot themselves far away.
Μάχονται δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὥσπερ οἱ κριοὶ τοῖς κέρασιν, ἐξαίροντες καὶ τύπτοντες· ὁρῶνται δὲ μετ’ ἀλλήλων καὶ ἀθρόοι πολλάκις ὥσπερ ἀγέλη.
They fight with one another like rams with their horns, raising them and striking; and they are often seen with one another and crowded together like a herd.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν μαλακόστρακα τοῦτον ζῇ τὸν τρόπον, τῶν δὲ μαλακίων αἱ τευθίδες καὶ αἱ σηπίαι κρατοῦσι καὶ τῶν μεγάλων ἰχθύων.
Now, the crustaceans live in this way, but of the molluscs, squids and cuttlefishes master even large fish.
Οἱ δὲ πολύποδες μάλιστα κογχύλια συλλέγοντες, ἐξαιροῦντες τὰ σαρκία τρέφονται τούτοις· διὸ καὶ τοῖς ὀστράκοις οἱ θηρεύοντες γνωρίζουσι τὰς θαλάμας αὐτῶν.
Octopuses especially collect shellfish and, extracting the flesh, feed on these; which is why hunters recognize their holes by the shells.
Ὃ δὲ λέγουσί τινες, ὡς αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἐσθίει, ψεῦδός ἐστιν· ἀλλ’ ἀπεδηδεμένας ἔχουσιν ἔνιοι τὰς πλεκτάνας ὑπὸ τῶν γόγγρων.
But what some say, that the octopus eats itself, is false; rather, some of them have their tentacles eaten away by conger eels.
Οἱ δ’ ἰχθύες τοῖς μὲν κυήμασι τρέφονται πάντες, ὅταν οἱ χρόνοι καθήκωσιν οὗτοι, τὴν δ’ ἄλλην τροφὴν οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ποιοῦνται πάντες.
All fish feed on spawn when these seasons arrive, but they do not all obtain the same other food.
Οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν εἰσὶ σαρκοφάγοι μόνον, οἷον τά τε σελάχη καὶ οἱ γόγγροι καὶ αἱ χάνναι καὶ οἱ θύννοι καὶ λάβρακες καὶ σινόδοντες καὶ ἄμιαι καὶ ὀρφοὶ καὶ μύραιναι· αἱ δὲ τρίγλαι καὶ φυκίοις τρέφονται καὶ ὀστρέοις καὶ βορβόρῳ καὶ σαρκοφαγοῦσιν· κέφαλοι δὲ τῷ βορβόρῳ, ὁ δὲ δάσκιλλος τῷ βορβόρῳ καὶ κόπρῳ, σκάρος δὲ καὶ μελάνουρος φυκίοις, ἡ δὲ σάλπη τῇ κόπρῳ καὶ φυκίοις· βόσκεται δὲ καὶ τὸ πράσιον, θηρεύεται δὲ καὶ κολοκύνθῃ μόνη τῶν ἰχθύων.
For some of them are solely carnivorous, such as the selachians, conger eels, combers, tunas, sea-bass, dog-teeth, amias, dusky groupers, and moray eels; but red mullets feed on seaweed, shellfish, mud, and they are also carnivorous; grey mullets (kephaloi) feed on mud, the daskillos on mud and dung, the parrot-fish and melanourus on seaweed, and the salpa on dung and seaweed; the salpa also feeds on sea-lettuce, and is caught with pumpkin alone of all fish.
Ἀλληλοφαγοῦσι δὲ πάντες μὲν πλὴν κεστρέως, μάλιστα δ’ οἱ γόγγροι.
All fish eat one another except the mullet (kestreus), and especially conger eels.