§6.23Ὄνος δ’ ὀχεύει μὲν καὶ ὀχεύεται τριακοντάμηνος, καὶ βάλλει τοὺς πρώτους ὀδόντας·
The ass couples and is coupled when thirty months old, and sheds its first teeth; and the second teeth in the sixth month, and the third and fourth in like manner; and they call these fourth teeth the "gnomones" (marks).
τοὺς δὲ δευτέρους ἕκτῳ μηνί, καὶ τοὺς τρίτους καὶ τοὺς τετάρτους ὡσαύτως· τούτους δὲ γνώμονας καλοῦσι, τοὺς τετάρτους. Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐνιαυσία ὄνος ἐκύησεν ὥστε καὶ ἐκτραφῆναι.
And already even a year-old female ass has become pregnant, so that the offspring was even reared.
Ἐξουρεῖ δ’, ὅταν ὀχευθῇ, τὴν γονήν, ἐὰν μὴ κωλύηται· διὸ τύπτουσι μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν εὐθὺς καὶ διώκουσιν.
When she is coupled, she passes out the semen with her urine, unless she is prevented; wherefore they beat her immediately after coupling and chase her.
Τίκτει δὲ δωδεκάτῳ μηνί.
And she brings forth in the twelfth month.
Τίκτει δὲ τὰ μὲν πολλὰ ἕν· μονοτόκον γάρ ἐστι φύσει· τίκτει δ’ ἐνίοτε καὶ δύο.
And she brings forth for the most part one; for she is by nature uniparous; but sometimes she brings forth even two.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν ὄνος ἐπαναβὰς διαφθείρει τὸ τοῦ ἵππου ὄχευμα, ὥσπερ εἴρηται· ὁ δ’ ἵππος τὸ τοῦ ὄνου οὐ διαφθείρει, ὅταν ᾖ ὠχευμένη ἡ ἵππος ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄνου.
Now the male ass, by mounting, destroys the coupling of the horse, as has been said; but the horse does not destroy that of the ass, when the mare has been coupled by the ass.
Ἴσχει δὲ γάλα κύουσα δεκάμηνος οὖσα.
And she has milk when pregnant at ten months.
Τεκοῦσα δὲ βιβάζεται ἑβδόμῃ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ μάλιστα δέχεται τὸ πλῆσμα ταύτῃ βιβασθεῖσα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, λαμβάνει δὲ καὶ ὕστερον.
After bringing forth, she is mated on the seventh day, and she especially admits the conception when mated on this day, but she receives it also later.
Ἐὰν δὲ μὴ τέκῃ πρὶν τὸ γνῶμα λιπεῖν, οὐκέτι λαμβάνει πλῆσμα οὐδὲ κυΐσκεται τοῦ λοιποῦ βίου παντός.
But if she does not bring forth before the mark teeth are lost, she no longer receives conception nor does she become pregnant for all the rest of her life.
Τίκτειν δ’ οὐ θέλει οὔτε ὁρωμένη ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου οὔτ’ ἐν τῷ φωτί, ἀλλ’ εἰς τὸ σκότος ἀπάγουσιν, ὅταν μέλλῃ τίκτειν.
And she is not willing to bring forth either when seen by a human or in the light, but they lead her away into the darkness when she is about to bring forth.
Τίκτει δὲ διὰ βίου, ἐὰν τέκῃ πρὶν τὸ γνῶμα λιπεῖν.
And she brings forth throughout her life, if she has brought forth before the mark teeth are lost.
Βιοῖ δ’ ὄνος πλείω τριάκοντ’ ἐτῶν, καὶ ἡ θήλεια τοῦ ἄρρενος πλείω ἔτη.
And the ass lives more than thirty years, and the female more years than the male.
Ὅταν δ’ ἵππος ὀχεύσῃ ὄνον ἢ ὄνος ἵππον, πολὺ μᾶλλον ἐξαμβλοῖ ἢ ὅταν τὰ ὁμογενῆ ἀλλήλοις μιχθῇ, οἷον ἵππος ἵππῳ ἢ ὄνος ὄνῳ.
And when a horse couples with an ass, or an ass with a horse, they abort much more than when those of the same race are mixed with one another, such as horse with horse or ass with ass.
Ἀποβαίνει δὲ καὶ ὁ τῆς κυήσεως χρόνος, ὅταν μιχθῇ ἵππος καὶ ὄνος, κατὰ τὸ ἄρρεν, λέγω δ’ ἐν ὅσῳ χρόνῳ τοῦτο γίνεται ἐξ ὁμογενῶν γινόμενον.
And the time of pregnancy, when a horse and an ass are mixed, also turns out according to the male; I mean, in as much time as this takes place when produced from those of the same race.
Τὸ δὲ μέγεθος τοῦ σώματος καὶ τὸ εἶδος καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς μᾶλλον τῷ θήλει ἀφομοιοῦται τοῦ γενομένου.
But the size of the body, the appearance, and the strength of the offspring are more assimilated to the female.
Ἂν δὲ συνεχῶς μίσγηται καὶ μὴ διαλείπῃ χρόνον τινὰ οὕτως ὀχευόμενα, ταχέως ἄγονον τὸ θῆλυ γίνεται· διὸ συνεχῶς οὐ μίσγουσιν οὕτως οἱ περὶ ταῦτα πραγματευόμενοι, ἀλλὰ διαλείπουσί τινα χρόνον.
But if they are mixed continuously and do not leave some interval of time when thus coupled, the female quickly becomes barren; wherefore those who occupy themselves with these matters do not mix them thus continuously, but leave some interval of time.
Οὐ προσδέχεται δ’ οὔτε ἡ ἵππος τὸν ὄνον οὔτε ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἵππον, ἐὰν μὴ τύχῃ τεθηλακὼς ὁ ὄνος ἵππον· ὑποβάλλουσι γὰρ ἐπίτηδες οὓς καλοῦσιν ἱπποθήλας.
And neither the mare admits the ass, nor the female ass the horse, unless the ass happens to have been suckled by a mare; for they purposely put under them those they call "ippothelai" (horse-suckled).
Οὗτοι δ’ ὀχεύουσιν ἐν τῇ νομῇ βίᾳ κρατοῦντες, ὥσπερ οἱ ἵπποι.
And these couple in the pasture, mastering them by force, just like horses.
§6.24Ὁ δ’ ὀρεὺς ἀναβαίνει μὲν καὶ ὀχεύει μετὰ τὸν πρῶτον βόλον, ἑπταετὴς δ’ ὢν καὶ πληροῖ, καὶ ἤδη ἐγένετο γίννος ὅταν ἀναβῇ ἐφ’ ἵππον θήλειαν·
The male mule mounts and couples after the first shedding of teeth, and when he is seven years old he even impregnates, and already a "ginnos" has been produced when he mounted a female horse; but later he no longer mounts.
ὕστερον δ’ οὐκέτι ἀναβαίνει. Καὶ ὁ θῆλυς δ’ ὀρεὺς ἤδη ἐπληρώθη, οὐ μέντοι γε ὥστ’ ἐξενεγκεῖν διὰ τέλους.
And the female mule also has already been impregnated, not however so as to bring it forth to completion.
Αἱ δ’ ἐν τῇ Συρίᾳ τῇ ὑπὲρ Φοινίκης ἡμίονοι καὶ ὀχεύονται καὶ τίκτουσιν· ἀλλ’ ἔστι τὸ γένος ὅμοιον μὲν ἕτερον δέ.
But the mules in Syria beyond Phoenicia both couple and bring forth; but their race is similar indeed, yet different.
Οἱ δὲ καλούμενοι γίννοι γίνονται ἐξ ἵππου, ὅταν νοσήσῃ ἐν τῇ κυήσει, ὥσπερ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οἱ νάνοι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑσὶ τὰ μετάχοιρα· καὶ ἴσχει δέ, ὥσπερ οἱ νάνοι, ὁ γίννος τὸ αἰδοῖον μέγα.
And those called "ginnoi" are produced from a horse, when she is diseased during pregnancy, just as dwarfs are among humans, and the "metachoira" (runt pigs) among pigs; and, just like dwarfs, the ginnos has a large genital organ.
Ζῇ δ’ ἡμίονος ἔτη πολλά· ἤδη γάρ τις βεβίωκεν ἔτη καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα, οἷον Ἀθήνῃσιν ὅτε τὸν νεὼν ᾠκοδόμουν· ὃς καὶ ἀφειμένος ἤδη διὰ τὸ γῆρας συναμπρεύων καὶ παραπορευόμενος παρώξυνε τὰ ζεύγη πρὸς τὸ ἔργον, ὥστ’ ἐψηφίσαντο μὴ ἀπελαύνειν αὐτὸν τοὺς σιτοπώλους ἀπὸ τῶν τηλιῶν.
And the mule lives many years; for already one has lived even eighty years, as for instance at Athens when they were building the temple; which, although already released because of old age, by sharing in pulling and walking alongside, stimulated the teams to the work, so that they decreed that the corn-sellers should not drive him away from the trays.
Γηράσκει δὲ βραδύτερον ὁ θῆλυς ὀρεὺς τοῦ ἄρρενος.
And the female mule grows old more slowly than the male.
Λέγουσι δ’ ἔνιοι ὅτι ἡ μὲν καθαίρεται οὐροῦσα, ὁ δ’ ἄρρην διὰ τὸ ὀσφραίνεσθαι τοῦ οὔρου γηράσκει θᾶττον.
And some say that she is cleansed by urinating, but the male grows old faster because of smelling the urine.
Τούτων μὲν οὖν τῶν ζῴων αἱ γενέσεις τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον.
The generations of these animals, then, take place in this manner.
§6.25Τὰ δὲ νέα καὶ τὰ παλαιὰ τετράποδα διαγινώσκουσιν οἱ περὶ τὰς θεραπείας ὄντες αὐτῶν· ἐὰν μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γνάθου τὸ δέρμα ἐφελκόμενον ταχὺ ἐπίῃ, νέον τὸ τετράπουν, ἐὰν δὲ πολὺν χρόνον μένῃ ἐρρυτιδωμένον, παλαιόν.
Those who are concerned with their care distinguish young and old quadrupeds; if the skin when pulled away from the jaw quickly returns, the quadruped is young, but if it remains wrinkled for a long time, it is old.
§6.26Ἡ δὲ κάμηλος κύει μὲν δέκα μῆνας, τίκτει δ’ ἀεὶ ἓν μόνον· μονοτόκον γάρ ἐστιν.
The camel is pregnant for ten months, and always brings forth only one; for she is uniparous.
Ἐκκρίνουσι δ’ ἐκ τῶν καμήλων ἐνιαύσιον τὸ ἔκγονον.
And they separate the offspring from the camels when it is a year old.
Ζῇ δὲ χρόνον πολύν, πλείω ἢ πεντήκοντα ἔτη.
And she lives a long time, more than fifty years.
Τίκτει δὲ τοῦ ἔαρος, καὶ γάλα ἔχει μέχρι οὖ ἂν ἐν γαστρὶ λάβῃ.
And she brings forth in the spring, and has milk until she conceives again.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὰ κρέα καὶ τὸ γάλα ἥδιστα πάντων· πίνουσι δὲ τὸ γάλα δύο καὶ ἕνα ἢ τρία καὶ ἕνα πρὸς ὕδωρ κεράσαντες.
And she has both meat and milk sweetest of all; and they drink the milk mixing it in the proportion of two to one or three to one with water.