§6.22#2Ἐλάττω δὲ χρόνον βιοῦσιν οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν θηλειῶν διὰ τὰς ὀχείας, καὶ οἱ ἰδίᾳ τρεφόμενοι τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἱπποφορβίοις.
Males live for a shorter time than females on account of coupling, and those reared privately than those in the herds.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν θήλεια πέντ’ ἐτῶν τέλος λαμβάνει μήκους καὶ ὕψους, ὁ δ’ ἄρρην ἓξ ἐτῶν· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐν ἄλλοις ἓξ ἔτεσι τὸ πλῆθος λαμβάνει τοῦ σώματος, καὶ ἐπιδίδωσι μέχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν.
Now the female reaches the completion of her length and height at five years old, and the male at six years; and after this, in another six years, the male acquires the bulk of his body, and improves up to twenty years of age.
Ἀποτελειοῦται δὲ τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων ἔμπροσθεν, ἐν δὲ τῇ γαστρὶ τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων· ταὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ὅσα πλείω τίκτει.
Females are fully developed earlier than males, but in the womb males are fully developed earlier than females, just as is the case in humans; and this same thing happens also in other animals that bring forth more than one offspring.
Θηλάζειν δέ φασι τὸν μὲν ἡμίονον ἑξάμηνον, εἶτ’ οὐκέτι προσίεσθαι διὰ τὸ σπᾶσθαι καὶ πονεῖν· τὸν δ’ ἵππον πλείω χρόνον.
And they say that the mule suckles for six months, and then no longer admits the young because of spasms and pain; but the horse for a longer time.
Ἀκμάζει δὲ καὶ ἵππος καὶ ἡμίονος μετὰ τοὺς βόλους· ὅταν δὲ πάντας ὦσι βεβληκότες, οὐ ῥᾴδιον γνῶναι τὴν ἡλικίαν.
Both the horse and the mule are in their prime after shedding their teeth; but when they have shed all of them, it is not easy to know their age.
Διὸ καὶ λέγουσι γνώμην ἔχειν, ὅταν ἄβολος ᾖ· ὅταν δὲ βεβληκώς, οὐκ ἔχειν.
Therefore they also say that they have a mark for their age when they have not shed, but when they have shed, they do not have it.
Ὅμως δὲ μάλιστα γνωρίζεται ἡ ἡλικία μετὰ τοὺς βόλους τῷ κυνόδοντι· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἱππαστῶν γίνεται μικρὸς διὰ τὴν τρίψιν (κατὰ τοῦτον γὰρ ἐμβάλλεται ὁ χαλινός), τῶν δὲ μὴ ἱππαστῶν μέγας μὲν ἀλλ’ ἀπηρτημένος, τῶν δὲ νέων ὀξὺς καὶ μικρός.
Nevertheless, the age after shedding is recognized especially by the canine tooth; for in ridden horses it becomes small due to friction (for at this part the bit is inserted), but in those not ridden it is large but unworn, and in young ones sharp and small.
Ὀχεύει δ’ ὁ μὲν ἄρρην πᾶσάν τε ὥραν καὶ ἕως ζῇ· καὶ ἡ θήλεια δ’ ὀχεύεται ἕως ἂν ζῇ, οὔπω δὲ πᾶσαν ὥραν, ἐὰν μή τις δεσμὸν ἢ ἄλλην τινὰ προσενέγκῃ ἀνάγκην· ὥρα δ’ οὐκ ἀφαιρεῖται οὐδεμία τεταγμένη τοῦ ὀχεύεσθαι καὶ ὀχεύειν.
And the male couples in every season and as long as he lives; and the female is coupled as long as she lives, but not yet in every season, unless someone applies a bond or some other compulsion; but no designated season is excluded from coupling and being coupled.
Οὐ μέντοι γε ὅτ’ ἔτυχε γενομένης τῆς ὀχείας δύνανται ἃ ἂν γεννήσωσιν ἐκτρέφειν.
However, they are not able to rear what they bring forth when the coupling occurs at random times.
Ἐν Ὀποῦντι δ’ ἐν ἱπποφορβίῳ ἵππος ἐγένετο ὃς ὤχευεν ἐτῶν ὢν τετταράκοντα· ἔδει δὲ τὰ πρόσθια σκέλη συνεπαίρειν.
In Opus, in a herd, there was a horse which coupled when he was forty years old; but it was necessary to help raise his forelegs together.
Ἄρχονται δ’ ὀχεύεσθαι αἱ ἵπποι τοῦ ἔαρος.
And mares begin to be coupled in the spring.
Ὅταν δὲ τέκῃ ἡ ἵππος, οὐκ εὐθὺς μετὰ τοῦτο πίμπλαται ἀλλὰ διαλείπει χρόνον, καὶ τίκτει ἀμείνω τετάρτῳ ἢ πέμπτῳ ἔτει μετὰ τὸν τόκον.
When the mare has brought forth, she does not immediately become pregnant after this but leaves an interval of time, and brings forth better offspring in the fourth or fifth year after the birth.
Ἔνα δ’ ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ πάμπαν ἀνάγκη διαλείπειν καὶ ποιεῖν ὥσπερ νειόν.
And it is absolutely necessary to leave an interval of at least one year, and to make it like a fallow field.
Ἵππος μὲν οὖν διαλείπουσα τίκτει, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ὄνος δὲ συνεχῶς.
So the horse brings forth leaving an interval, as has been said, but the ass continuously.
Γίνονται δὲ τῶν ἵππων αἱ μὲν καὶ ἄτεκνοι ὅλως, αἱ δὲ συλλαμβάνουσι μέν, οὐ δύνανται δ’ ἐκφέρειν· σημεῖον δὲ τῶν τοιούτων λέγουσιν εἶναι, τὸ ἔμβρυον ἀνασχιζόμενον ἔχειν ἄλλα νεφροειδῆ περὶ τοὺς νεφρούς, ὥστε δοκεῖν τέτταρας ἔχειν νεφρούς.
And some of the mares are altogether barren, while others conceive indeed, but are not able to bring the fetus to term; and they say the sign of such cases is that the embryo, when cut open, has other kidney-like structures around the kidneys, so that it seems to have four kidneys.
Ὅταν δὲ τέκῃ ἡ ἵππος, τό τε χόριον εὐθὺς κατεσθίει, καὶ ἀπεσθίει τοῦ πώλου ὃ ἐπιφύεται ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου τῶν πώλων, καλεῖται δὲ ἱππομανές· ἔστι δὲ τὸ μέγεθος ἔλαττον μικρῷ ἰσχάδος, τὴν δ’ ἰδέαν πλατύ, περιφερές, μέλαν.
When the mare has brought forth, she immediately devours both the afterbirth and bites off from the foal that which grows upon the forehead of foals, which is called hippomanes; and in size it is slightly smaller than a dried fig, and in shape flat, round, and black.
Τοῦτο ἐάν τις φθῇ λαβὼν καὶ ὄσφρηται ἡ ἵππος, ἐξίσταται καὶ μαίνεται πρὸς τὴν ὀσμήν· διὸ καὶ τοῦτο αἱ φαρμακίδες ζητοῦσι καὶ συλλέγουσιν.
If someone anticipates taking this and the mare smells it, she is driven out of her senses and goes mad at the smell; wherefore also the sorceresses seek and collect this.
Ἐὰν δ’ ὠχευμένην ἵππον ὑπὸ ἵππου ὄνος ὀχεύσῃ, διαφθείρει τὸ ἔμβρυον τὸ ἐνυπάρχον.
And if, after a mare has been coupled by a horse, an ass couples with her, he destroys the existing embryo.
Ἵππων δ’ ἡγεμόνα οὐ καθιστᾶσιν οἱ ἱπποφορβοὶ ὥσπερ βοῶν, διὰ τὸ μὴ μόνιμον εἶναι τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν ἀλλ’ ὀξεῖαν καὶ εὐκίνητον.
And horse-breeders do not establish a leader for horses as they do for cattle, because their nature is not stable, but sharp and easily moved.