§6.27Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ὀχεύει καὶ ὀχεύεται πρῶτον εἴκοσιν ἐτῶν.
The elephant couples and is coupled for the first time when twenty years old.
Ὅταν δ’ ὀχευθῇ ἡ θήλεια, φέρει ἐν γαστρί, ὡς μέν τινές φασιν, ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ ἓξ μῆνας, ὡς δ’ ἕτεροι, τρί’ ἔτη· τοῦ δὲ μὴ ὁμολογεῖσθαι τὸν χρόνον αἴτιον τὸ μὴ εὐθεώρητον εἶναι τὴν ὀχείαν.
And when the female is coupled, she carries in her womb, as some say, for a year and six months, but as others say, for three years; and the cause of the disagreement about the time is that the coupling is difficult to observe.
Τίκτει δ’ ἡ θήλεια συγκαθίσασα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄπισθεν, καὶ ἀλγοῦσα δήλη ἐστίν.
And the female brings forth sitting down on her hind legs, and she is clearly in pain.
Ὁ δὲ σκύμνος ὅταν γένηται, θηλάζει τῷ στόματι καὶ οὐ τῷ μυκτῆρι, καὶ βαδίζει καὶ βλέπει εὐθὺς γεννηθείς.
And when the calf is born, it sucks with its mouth and not with its trunk, and it walks and sees immediately upon birth.
§6.28Αἱ δ’ ὕες αἱ ἄγριαι τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀρχομένου ὀχεύονται, τίκτουσι δὲ τοῦ ἔαρος ἀποχωροῦσαι εἰς τοὺς δυσβατωτάτους τόπους καὶ ἀποκρήμνους μάλιστα καὶ φαραγγώδεις καὶ συσκίους.
Wild swine couple at the beginning of winter, and they bring forth in the spring, withdrawing into the most inaccessible places, especially precipitous, deep-valleyed, and shaded.
Διατρίβει δ’ ὁ ἄρρην ἐν ταῖς ὑσὶν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἡμέρας τριάκοντα.
And the male spends his time among the female swine for the most part for thirty days.
Τὸ δὲ πλῆθος τῶν τικτομένων καὶ ὁ χρόνος τῆς κυήσεως ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἡμέρων ὑῶν ἐστίν.
And the number of the offspring and the time of gestation is the same as in domestic swine.
Τὰς δὲ φωνὰς παραπλησίους ἔχουσι τοῖς ἡμέροις, πλὴν μᾶλλον ἡ θήλεια φωνεῖ, ὁ δ’ ἄρρην σπανίως.
And they have voices very similar to domestic ones, except that the female cries more, and the male rarely.
Τῶν δ’ ἀρρένων καὶ ἀγρίων οἱ τομίαι μείζους γίνονται καὶ χαλεπώτεροι, ὥσπερ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐποίησεν
θρέψεν ἐπὶ χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον· οὐδὲ ἐῴκει
θηρί γε σιτοφάγῳ, ἀλλὰ ῥίῳ ὑλήεντι. Γίνονται δὲ τομίαι διὰ τὸ νέοις οὖσιν ἐμπίπτειν νόσημα κνησμὸν εἰς τοὺς ὄρχεις· εἶτα ξυόμενοι πρὸς τὰ δένδρα ἐκθλίβουσι τοὺς ὄρχεις.
And among the wild metals, those that are castrated become larger and more violent, just as Homer also wrote: "he reared a wild boar, castrated; nor was it like a grain-eating beast, but rather a woody mountain peak." And they become castrated because when they are young, a disease of itching falls upon their testicles; then, by rubbing themselves against trees, they squeeze out their testicles.
§6.29Ἡ δ’ ἔλαφος τὴν μὲν ὀχείαν ποιεῖται, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον, τὰ πλεῖστα μὲν ἐξ ὑπαγωγῆς (οὐ γὰρ ὑπομένει ἡ θήλεια τὸν ἄρρενα πολλάκις διὰ τὴν συντονίαν), οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπομένουσαι ἐνίοτε ὀχεύονται, καθάπερ τὰ πρόβατα· καὶ ὅταν ὀργῶσι, παρεκκλίνουσιν ἀλλήλας.
The deer performs coupling, as was said before, for the most part by way of lure (for the female often does not submit to the male because of the intensity of the coupling), yet sometimes submitting they couple, just like sheep; and when they are in heat, they avoid each other.
Μεταλλάττει δ’ ὁ ἄρρην καὶ οὐ πρὸς μιᾷ διατρίβει, ἀλλὰ διαλιπὼν βραχὺν χρόνον πλησιάζει ἄλλαις.
And the male changes mates and does not spend his time with just one, but after leaving a short interval of time he couples with others.
Ἡ δ’ ὀχεία γίνεται μετ’ ἀρκτοῦρον περὶ τὸν Βοηδρομιῶνα καὶ Μαιμακτηριῶνα.
And the coupling takes place after the rising of Arcturus, around Boedromion and Maimakterion.
Κύει δ’ ὀκτὼ μῆνας· κυΐσκεται δ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις, καὶ ὑφ’ ἑνὸς πολλαί.
And she is pregnant for eight months; and she conceives in a few days, and many by one male.
Τίκτει δ’ ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἕν, ἤδη δέ τινες ὠμμέναι εἰσὶν ὀλίγαι καὶ δύο.
And she brings forth for the most part one, but already a few have been seen to bring forth even two.
Καὶ ποιεῖται τοὺς τόκους παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς διὰ τὸν πρὸς τὰ θηρία φόβον.
And she makes her delivery near roads because of her fear of wild beasts.
Ἡ δ’ αὔξησις ταχεῖα τῶν νεβρῶν.
And the growth of the fawns is rapid.
Κάθαρσις δὲ κατ’ ἄλλους μὲν χρόνους οὐ συμβαίνει ταῖς ἐλάφοις· ὅταν δὲ τίκτωσι, γίνεται φλεγματώδης αὐταῖς κάθαρσις.
And cleansing does not happen to female deer at other times, but when they bring forth, a mucous cleansing occurs to them.
Εἴθισται δ’ ἄγειν τοὺς νεβροὺς ἐπὶ τοὺς σταθμούς· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον αὐταῖς καταφυγή, πέτρα περιρραγεῖσα μίαν ἔχουσα εἴσοδον, οὗ καὶ ἀμύνεσθαι εἴωθεν ἤδη τοὺς ἐπιτιθεμένους.
And they are accustomed to lead their fawns to the "stathmoi"; and this place is a refuge for them, a single rock split around having one entrance, where they are accustomed even to defend themselves against attackers.
Περὶ δὲ τῆς ζωῆς μυθολογεῖται μὲν ὡς ὂν μακρόβιον, οὐ φαίνεται δ’ οὔτε τῶν μυθολογουμένων οὐθὲν σαφές, ἥ τε κύησις καὶ ἡ αὔξησις τῶν νεβρῶν συμβαίνει οὐχ ὡς μακροβίου τοῦ ζῴου ὄντος.
And concerning their life, it is legendary that they are long-lived, but nothing of what is told is clear, and the gestation and the growth of the fawns do not happen as if the animal were long-lived.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὄρει τῷ Ἐλαφώεντι καλουμένῳ, ὅ ἐστι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐν τῇ Ἀργινούσῃ, οὗ ἐτελεύτησεν Ἀλκιβιάδης, αἱ ἔλαφοι πᾶσαι τὸ οὖς ἐσχισμέναι εἰσίν, ὥστε κἂν ἐκτοπίσωσι γινώσκεσθαι τούτῳ· καὶ τὰ ἔμβρυα δ’ ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ ὄντα εὐθὺς ἔχει τοῦτο τὸ σημεῖον.
And on the mountain called Elaphoeis, which is in Arginusa of Asia, where Alcibiades died, all the deer have their ears split, so that even if they migrate they are recognized by this; and even the embryos in the womb immediately have this mark.
Θηλὰς δ’ ἔχουσιν αἱ θήλειαι τέτταρας ὥσπερ αἱ βόες.
And the females have four teats just like cows.
Ἐπειδὰν δὲ πλησθῶσιν αἱ θήλειαι, ἐκκρίνονται οἱ ἄρρενες καθ’ ἑαυτούς, καὶ διὰ τὴν ὁρμὴν τὴν τῶν ἀφροδισίων ἕκαστος μονούμενος βόθρους ὀρύττει, καὶ βρωμᾶται ὥσπερ οἱ τράγοι· καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα διὰ τὸ ῥαίνεσθαι μέλανα γίνεται αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ τῶν τράγων.
And when the females are impregnated, the males separate by themselves, and because of the sexual impulse, each becoming solitary digs pits, and smells strong like he-goats; and their faces become black because of spraying urine, just like those of he-goats.
Οὕτω δὲ διάγουσιν, ἕως ἂν ὕδωρ γένηται· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τρέπονται πρὸς τὴν νομήν.
And they live in this way until rain comes; and after this they turn to pasture.
Ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖ τὸ ζῷον διὰ τὸ φύσει λάγνον εἶναι καὶ διὰ τὴν παχύτητα· ὑπερβάλλουσα γὰρ γίνεται τοῦ θέρους αὐτῶν, διὸ καὶ οὐ δύνανται θεῖν, ἀλλ’ ἁλίσκονται ὑπὸ τῶν πεζῇ διωκόντων ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ δρόμῳ καὶ τρίτῳ, καὶ φεύγουσι διὰ τὸ καῦμα καὶ τὸ ἆσθμα εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ.
And the animal does this because of being by nature lustful and because of its fatness; for their fat becomes excessive in summer, wherefore they cannot run, but are caught by those chasing on foot in the second and third course, and they flee because of the heat and panting into the water.
Καθ’ ὃν δὲ χρόνον ὀχεύουσι, τὰ κρέα γίνεται φαῦλα καὶ δυσώδη, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν τράγων.
And at the time when they couple, their meat becomes bad and bad-smelling, just as that of he-goats.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τῷ χειμῶνι γίνονται λεπτοὶ καὶ ἀσθενεῖς, πρὸς δ’ ἔαρ μάλιστ’ ἀκμάζουσι πρὸς τὸ δραμεῖν.
In the winter, then, they become thin and weak, but towards spring they are most active for running.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ φεύγειν ἀνάπαυσιν ποιοῦνται τῶν δρόμων, καὶ ὑφιστάμενοι μένουσιν ἕως ἂν πλησίον ἔλθῃ ὁ διώκων· τότε δὲ πάλιν φεύγουσιν.
And in fleeing they make a pause in their running, and standing their ground they wait until the pursuer comes near; then they flee again.
Τοῦτο δὲ δοκοῦσι ποιεῖν διὰ τὸ πονεῖν τὰ ἐντός· τὸ γὰρ ἔντερον ἔχει λεπτὸν καὶ ἀσθενὲς οὕτως ὥστ’ ἐὰν ἠρέμα τις πατάξῃ, διακόπτεται τοῦ δέρματος ὑγιοῦς ὄντος.
And they seem to do this because their internal parts pain them; for they have the gut so thin and weak that if anyone strikes gently, it is ruptured while the skin remains sound.