§6.22#1Ἵππος δ’ ἄρχεται ὀχεύειν ὁ μὲν ἄρρην διέτης, καὶ ἡ θήλεια διέτης ὀχεύεσθαι· ταῦτα μέντοι ὀλίγα ἐστί, καὶ τὰ ἔκγονα τούτων ἐλάττω καὶ ἀσθενικώτερα· ὡς δ’ ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἄρχονται ὀχεύειν τριετεῖς ὄντες, καὶ αἱ ἵπποι ὀχεύεσθαι, καὶ ἐπιδιδόασι δ’ ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ βελτίω τὰ ἔκγονα γίνεσθαι μέχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν.
The horse begins to couple, the male at two years old, and the female is coupled at two years old; however, these cases are few, and their offspring are smaller and weaker; for the most part they begin to couple when they are three years old, and the mares to be coupled, and they always improve towards producing better offspring until they are twenty years old.
Κύει δ’ ἕνδεκα μῆνας, δωδεκάτῳ δὲ τίκτει.
The mare is pregnant for eleven months, and brings forth in the twelfth.
Πληροῖ δ’ ὁ ἵππος οὐκ ἐν τεταγμέναις ἡμέραις, ἀλλ’ ἐνίοτε μὲν ἐν μιᾷ ἢ δυσὶν ἢ τρισίν, ἐνίοτε δ’ ἐν πλείοσιν· θᾶττον δὲ πληροῖ ἐπιβαίνων ὄνος ἢ ἵππος.
The stallion does not impregnate within a fixed number of days, but sometimes in one, two, or three days, and sometimes in more; and an ass mounting impregnates more quickly than a horse.
Ἡ δ’ ὀχεία οὐκ ἐπίπονος τῶν ἵππων, ὥσπερ ἡ τῶν βοῶν.
The copulation of horses is not painful, as is that of cattle.
Λαγνίστατον δὲ καὶ τῶν θηλειῶν καὶ τῶν ἀρρένων μετ’ ἄνθρωπον ἵππος ἐστίν.
Of both females and males, the horse is the most lustful animal after man.
Ἡ δὲ τῶν νεωτέρων ὀχεία γίνεται παρὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, ὅταν εὐβοσία καὶ ἀφθονία γένηται τροφῆς.
The copulation of the younger ones occurs contrary to their age, when there is good pasture and an abundance of food.
Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ μονοτόκος, τίκτει μέντοι ποτὲ καὶ δύο τὰ πλεῖστα.
Therefore, it is for the most part single-bearing, yet it sometimes brings forth even two at most.
Καὶ ἡμιόνους δ’ ἤδη ἔτεκέ τις δύο· ἃ κρίνουσιν ἐν τέρασιν.
And indeed, one has already brought forth two mules; which they judge among portents.
Ὀχεύει μὲν οὖν ἵππος καὶ τριακοντάμηνος· ὥστε δὲ καὶ γεννᾶν ἀξίως, ὅταν παύσηται βάλλων.
So a horse couples even at thirty months old; but to reproduce worthily, when it has ceased shedding its teeth.
Ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ βάλλοντες ἐπλήρωσαν, ὡς φασίν, ἂν μὴ φύσει ἄγονοι τυγχάνωσιν ὄντες.
And indeed some, even while shedding, have impregnated, as they say, unless they happen to be naturally sterile.
Ἔχει μὲν οὖν ὀδόντας τετταράκοντα, βάλλει δὲ τοὺς μὲν πρώτους τέτταρας τριακοντάμηνος, τοὺς μὲν δύο ἄνωθεν τοὺς δὲ δύο κάτωθεν· ἐπειδὰν δὲ γένηται ἐνιαυτός, βάλλει τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τέτταρας, δύο μὲν ἄνωθεν δύο δὲ κάτωθεν, καὶ πάλιν ὅταν ἄλλος ἐνιαυτὸς γένηται, ἑτέρους τέτταρας τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον· τεττάρων δ’ ἐτῶν παρελθόντων καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν οὐκέτι βάλλει οὐδένα.
Now, it has forty teeth, and sheds the first four at thirty months old, two from above and two from below; and when a year has elapsed, it sheds four in the same manner, two from above and two from below, and again when another year has elapsed, another four in the same manner; and when four years and six months have passed, it no longer sheds any.
Ἤδη δέ τις τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς ἅμα πάντας ἐξέβαλε, καὶ ἄλλος ἅμα τοῖς τελευταίοις ἅπαντας· ἀλλὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα γίνεται ὀλίγάκις.
And indeed, one horse immediately shed all of them at the first time, and another shed all of them along with the last ones; but such things happen rarely.
Ὥστε σχεδὸν συμβαίνει, ὅταν τεττάρων ἐτῶν ᾖ καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν, χρήσιμον εἶναι πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν μάλιστα.
So it almost happens that, when it is four years and six months old, it is most useful for reproduction.
Εἰσὶ δ’ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τῶν ἵππων γονιμώτεροι, καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν ἀρρένων καὶ αἱ θήλειαι τῶν θηλειῶν.
The older horses are more fertile, both the males among the males and the females among the females.
Ἀναβαίνουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς μητέρας οἱ ἵπποι καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας· καὶ τότε δοκεῖ τέλεον εἶναι τὸ ἱπποφόρβιον, ὅταν ὀχεύωσι τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἔκγονα.
Stallions mount both their mothers and their daughters; and the herd is thought to be complete then, when they couple with their own offspring.
Οἱ δὲ Σκύθαι ἱππεύουσι ταῖς κυούσαις ἵπποις, ὅταν θᾶττον στραφῇ τὸ ἔμβρυον, καὶ φασὶ γίνεσθαι αὐτὰς εὐτοκωτέρας.
The Scythians ride the pregnant mares as soon as the embryo turns, and say that they have easier deliveries.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα τετράποδα κατακείμενα τίκτει, διὸ καὶ πλάγια προέρχεται τὰ ἔμβρυα πάντων· ἡ δ’ ἵππος ἡ θήλεια ὅταν ἤδη πλησίον ᾖ τῆς ἀφέσεως, ὀρθὴ στᾶσα προΐεται τὸ ἔκγονον.
Now, other quadrupeds bring forth lying down, wherefore the embryos of all of them come out sideways; but the mare, when she is near delivery, stands upright and lets go of her offspring.
Ζῶσι δὲ τῶν ἵππων οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι περὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα ἔτη καὶ εἴκοσιν, ἔνιοι δὲ πεντεκαιείκοσι καὶ τριάκοντα· ἐὰν δέ τις ἐπιμελῶς θεραπεύῃ, ἐκτείνει καὶ πρὸς τὰ πεντήκοντα.
Most horses live about eighteen and twenty years, and some twenty-five and thirty; but if one cares for them diligently, their life extends even to fifty.
Ὁ δὲ μακρότατος βίος τῶν πλείστων ἐστὶν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τριακοντέτης· ἡ δὲ θήλεια ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ μὲν πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν ἔτη, ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ τετταράκοντα ἔτη βεβιώκασιν.
The longest life of most is for the most part thirty years; and the female for the most part twenty-five years, though some have already lived even forty years.