§5.19#2Ἐκ δὲ μελαινῶν τινῶν καὶ δασειῶν οὐ μεγάλων καμπῶν πρῶτον γίνονται πυγολαμπίδες, οὐχ αἱ πετόμεναι· αὗται δὲ πάλιν μεταβάλλουσι, καὶ γίνονται πτερωτὰ ζῷα ἐξ αὐτῶν, οἱ καλούμενοι βόστρυχοι.
And from certain black, hairy, not large caterpillars, there are generated first glow-worms, not the winged ones; and these in turn change, and from them are generated winged animals, which are called bostrychoi.
Αἱ δ’ ἐμπίδες γίνονται ἐκ τῶν ἀσκαρίδων.
And gnats are generated from ascarids.
Αἱ δ’ ἀσκαρίδες γίνονται ἔν τε τῇ ἰλύϊ τῶν φρεάτων καὶ ὅπου ἂν σύρρευσις γένηται ὕδατος γεώδη ἔχουσα ὑπόστασιν.
And the ascarids are generated both in the mud of wells and wherever there is a confluence of water containing an earthy sediment.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον αὐτὴ ἡ ἰλὺς σηπομένη χρῶμα λαμβάνει λευκόν, εἶτα μέλαν, τελευτῶσα δ’ αἱματῶδες· ὅταν δὲ τοιαύτη γένηται, φύεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὥσπερ τὰ φυκία μικρὰ σφόδρα καὶ ἐρυθρά· ταῦτα δὲ χρόνον μέν τινα κινεῖται προσπεφυκότα, ἔπειτ’ ἀπορραγέντα φέρεται κατὰ τὸ ὕδωρ, αἱ καλούμεναι ἀσκαρίδες.
At first indeed, the mud itself as it decays assumes a white color, then black, and finally a blood-red color; and when it becomes like this, there grows from it something like very small and red seaweeds; and these for a certain time move while attached, but then having broken off they are carried through the water, being what are called ascarids.
Μεθ’ ἡμέρας δ’ ὀλίγας ἵστανται ὀρθαὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἀκινητίζουσαι καὶ σκληραί, κἄπειτα περιρραγέντος τοῦ κελύφους ἡ ἐμπὶς ἄνω ἐπικάθηται, ἕως ἂν ἥλιος ἢ πνεῦμα κινήσῃ· τότε δ’ ἤδη πέτεται.
And after a few days they stand upright on the water, becoming motionless and hard, and then, the shell having burst around, the gnat sits on top, until the sun or a breeze moves it; and then indeed it flies.
Πᾶσι δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις σκώληξι καὶ τοῖς ζῴοις τοῖς ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων περιρρηγνυμένοις ἡ ἀρχὴ γίγνεται τῆς γενέσεως ὑφ’ ἡλίου ἢ ὑπὸ πνεύματος.
And for all other larvae and the animals that burst out from the larvae, the beginning of their generation is brought about by the sun or by the wind.
Μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ θᾶττον γίνονται αἱ ἀσκαρίδες ἐν τοῖς ἔχουσι παντοδαπὴν ὑπόστασιν, οἷον Μεγαροῖ τε γίνεται καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις· σήπεται γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα θᾶττον.
And the ascarids are generated more and more quickly in those places that contain all kinds of sediment, as happens both in Megara and in the trenches; for such things decay more quickly.
Καὶ μετοπώρου δὲ γίνονται μᾶλλον· τότε γὰρ τὸ ὑγρὸν συμβαίνει εἶναι ἔλαττον.
And they are generated more in autumn; for at that time it happens that the moisture is less.
Οἱ δὲ κρότωνες γίνονται ἐκ τῆς ἀγρώστεως, αἱ δὲ μηλολόνθαι ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων τῶν ἐν τοῖς βολίτοις καὶ τῶν ὀνίδων.
And ticks are generated from the dog's tooth grass, and cockchafers from the larvae in cow dung and ass dung.
Οἱ δὲ κάνθαροι ἣν κυλίουσι κόπρον, ἐν ταύτῃ φωλεύουσί τε τὸν χειμῶνα καὶ ἐντίκτουσι σκωλήκια, ἐξ ὧν γίνονται κάνθαροι.
And the dung-beetles pass the winter in the dung which they roll, and lay small larvae in it, from which dung-beetles are generated.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων τῶν ἐν τοῖς ὀσπρίοις πτερωτὰ ζῷα ὁμοίως τοῖς εἰρημένοις.
And from the larvae in leguminous plants, winged animals are generated in like manner to those mentioned.
Αἱ δὲ μυῖαι ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων τῶν ἐν τῇ κόπρῳ τῇ χωριζομένῃ κατὰ μέρος· διὸ καὶ οἱ περὶ ταύτην τὴν ἐργασίαν ὄντες μάχονται χωρίζειν τὴν ἄλλην τὴν μεμιγμένην, καὶ λέγουσι τότε κατειργάσθαι τὴν κόπρον.
And flies are generated from the larvae in dung that is separated into portions; wherefore those who are engaged in this work strive to separate the other dung that is mixed, and they say then that the dung has been worked up.
Ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ τῶν σκωληκίων μικρά· πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐρυθραίνεται καὶ ἐξ ἀκινησίας λαμβάνει κίνησιν οἷον πεφυκότα· εἶτα σκωλήκιον ἀποβαίνει ἀκίνητον· εἶτα κινηθὲν ὕστερον γίνεται ἀκίνητον πάλιν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου μυῖα ἀποτελεῖται, καὶ κινεῖται πνεύματος ἢ ἡλίου γενομένου.
And the beginning of the small larvae is tiny; for at first here too it becomes reddish, and from immobility assumes movement like something growing; then it becomes an immobile small larva; then having moved, it afterwards becomes immobile again; and from this the fly is perfected, and moves when a breeze or the sun appears.
Οἱ δὲ μύωπες γίνονται ἐκ τῶν ξύλων.
And horse-flies are generated from wood.
Αἱ δὲ ὀρσοδάκναι ἐκ τῶν σκωληκίων μεταβαλλόντων· τὰ δὲ σκωλήκια ταῦτα γίνεται ἐν τοῖς καυλοῖς τῆς κράμβης.
And orsodacnae are generated from changing larvae; and these larvae are produced in the stalks of cabbage.
Αἱ δὲ κανθαρίδες ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ταῖς συκαῖς καμπῶν καὶ ταῖς ἀπίοις καὶ ταῖς πεύκαις (πρὸς πᾶσι γὰρ τούτοις γίνονται σκώληκες) καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ κυνακάνθῃ· ὁρμῶσι δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰ δυσώδη διὰ τὸ ἐκ τοιαύτης γεγονέναι ὕλης.
And blister-beetles are generated from the caterpillars near fig-trees, pear-trees, and pine-trees (for larvae are produced near all of these), and from those in the dog-rose; and they also hasten towards malodorous things because of having been generated from such substance.
Οἱ δὲ κώνωπες ἐκ σκωλήκων οἳ γίνονται ἐκ τῆς περὶ τὸ ὄξος ἰλύος· καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσιν ἀσηπτοτάτοις εἶναι ἐγγίγνονται ζῷα, οἷον ἐν χιόνι τῇ παλαιᾷ.
And gnats are generated from larvae that are produced from the slime around vinegar; for even in those things which seem to be least subject to decay, animals are produced, as in old snow.
Γίνεται δ’ ἡ παλαιὰ ἐρυθροτέρα, διὸ καὶ οἱ σκώληκες τοιοῦτοι καὶ δασεῖς· οἱ δ’ ἐκ τῆς ἐν Μηδίᾳ χιόνος μεγάλοι καὶ λευκοί· δυσκίνητοι δὲ πάντες.
And old snow becomes reddish, wherefore also the larvae are of this color and hairy; but those from the snow in Media are large and white; and all of them are sluggish.
Ἐν δὲ Κύπρῳ, οὗ ἡ χαλκῖτις λίθος καίεται, ἐπὶ πολλὰς ἡμέρας ἐμβαλλόντων, ἐνταῦθα γίνεται θηρία ἐν τῷ πυρί, τῶν μεγάλων μυιῶν μικρόν τι μείζονα, ὑπόπτερα, ἃ διὰ τοῦ πυρὸς πηδᾷ καὶ βαδίζει.
And in Cyprus, where the copper-stone is burned, when they cast it in for many days, there are generated creatures in the fire, slightly larger than the large flies, winged, which jump and walk through the fire.
Ἀποθνήσκουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ σκώληκες καὶ ταῦτα χωριζόμενα τὰ μὲν τοῦ πυρός, οἱ δὲ τῆς χιόνος.
And both the larvae and these creatures die when separated, the ones from the fire, and the others from the snow.
Ὅτι δ’ ἐνδέχεται μὴ κάεσθαι συστάσεις τινὰς ζῴων, ἡ σαλαμάνδρα ποιεῖ φανερόν· αὕτη γάρ, ὡς φασί, διὰ πυρὸς βαδίζουσα κατασβέννυσι τὸ πῦρ.
And that it is possible for some constitutions of animals not to be burned, the salamander makes clear; for this, as they say, walking through fire extinguishes the fire.
Περὶ δὲ τὸν Ὕπανιν ποταμὸν τὸν περὶ Βόσπορον τὸν Κιμμέριον ὑπὸ τροπὰς θερινὰς καταφέρονται ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ οἷον θύλακοι μείζους ῥαγῶν, ἐξ ὧν ῥηγνυμένων ἐξέρχεται ζῷον πτερωτὸν τετράπουν· ζῇ δὲ καὶ πέτεται μέχρι δείλης, καταφερομένου δὲ τοῦ ἡλίου ἀπομαραίνεται, καὶ ἅμα δυομένου ἀποθνήσκει βιῶσαν ἡμέραν μίαν, διὸ καὶ καλεῖται ἐφήμερον.
And around the river Hypanis, which is about the Cimmerian Bosporus, at the summer solstice, there are carried down by the river sort of sacks larger than grape-berries, from which, when burst, there comes out a winged, four-footed animal; and it lives and flies until evening, but as the sun goes down it pines away, and at sunset it dies, having lived one day, which is why it is also called ephemeron.
Τὰ πλεῖστα δὲ τῶν γινομένων ἔκ τε καμπῶν καὶ σκωλήκων ὑπὸ ἀραχνίων κατέχεται τὸ πρῶτον.
And most of those generated from both caterpillars and larvae are at first held by cobwebs.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν γίνεται τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον·
These things, then, are generated in this manner;