§5.19#1Τὰ δ’ ἔντομα τῶν ζῴων ὅτι μὲν ἐλάττω ἐστὶ τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν καὶ ἐπιβαίνει ἄνωθεν, καὶ πῶς ποιεῖται τὴν ὀχείαν, καὶ ὅτι διαλύεται μόλις, εἴρηται πρότερον· ὅταν δ’ ὀχευθῇ, ταχέως ποιεῖται τὰ πλεῖστα τὸν τόκον ὅσα ὀχεύεται.
Of the insect animals, that the males are smaller than the females and mount them from above, and how they copulate, and that they separate with difficulty, has been said before; but when they have copulated, most of those that copulate quickly produce their offspring.
Τίκτει δὲ πάντα σκώληκας πλὴν γένος τι ψυχῶν· αὗται δὲ σκληρόν, ὅμοιον κνήκου σπέρματι, ἔσω δὲ χύμα.
And all of them lay larvae, except for a certain kind of butterflies; and these [lay] a hard [egg], similar to the seed of the safflower, containing a liquid inside.
Ἐκ δὲ τῶν σκωλήκων οὐκ ἐκ μέρους τινὸς γίνεται τὸ ζῷον, ὥσπερ ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν, ἀλλ’ ὅλον αὐξάνεται καὶ διαρθρούμενον γίνεται τὸ ζῷον.
And from the larvae, the animal does not develop from some part [of it], as from eggs, but the whole [larva] grows and becomes the articulated animal.
Γίνεται δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ μὲν ἐκ ζῴων τῶν συγγενῶν, οἷον φαλάγγιά τε καὶ ἀράχνια ἐκ φαλαγγίων καὶ ἀραχνίων, καὶ ἀττέλαβοι καὶ ἀκρίδες καὶ τέττιγες· τὰ δ’ οὐκ ἐκ ζῴων ἀλλ’ αὐτόματα, τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς δρόσου τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς φύλλοις πιπτούσης, κατὰ φύσιν μὲν ἐν τῷ ἔαρι, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος, ὅταν εὐδία καὶ νοτία γένηται πλείω χρόνον· τὰ δ’ ἐν βορβόρῳ καὶ κόπρῳ σηπομένοις, τὰ δ’ ἐν ξύλοις, τὰ μὲν φυτῶν, τὰ δ’ ἐν αὔοις ἤδη, τὰ δ’ ἐν θριξὶ ζῴων, τὰ δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ τῶν ζῴων, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς περιττώμασι, καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ἐκκεχωρισμένων, τὰ δ’ ἔτι ὄντων ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις, οἷον αἱ καλούμεναι ἕλμινθες.
And of them, some are generated from kindred animals, such as both tarantulas and spiders from tarantulas and spiders, and also locusts, grasshoppers, and cicadas; and others not from animals but spontaneously, some from the dew falling on the leaves, naturally in the spring, but often also in the winter, when there is mild and wet weather for a longer time; and others in decaying mud and dung, others in wood (some in living plants, others in those already dry), others in the hair of animals, others in the flesh of animals, others in the excrements, and of these, some in those that have been voided, and others while they are still in the animals, such as the so-called worms.
Ἔστι δ’ αὐτῶν γένη τρία, ἥ τε ὀνομαζομένη πλατεῖα, καὶ αἱ στρογγύλαι, καὶ τρίται αἱ ἀσκαρίδες.
And there are three kinds of them: the so-called flat worm, the round worms, and thirdly the ascarids.
Ἐκ μὲν οὖν τούτων ἕτερον οὐθὲν γίνεται· ἡ δὲ πλατεῖα προσπέφυκέ τε μόνη τῷ ἐντέρῳ καὶ ἀποτίκτει οἷον σικύου σπέρμα, ᾧ γινώσκουσι σημείῳ οἱ ἰατροὶ τοὺς ἔχοντας αὐτήν.
Now from these, nothing else is generated; but the flat worm alone is attached to the intestine and spawns something like a cucumber seed, by which sign doctors recognize those who have it.
Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην, πρῶτον μὲν ἔλαττον κέγχρου, εἶτα μικροὶ σκώληκες αὐξανόμενοι, ἔπειτα ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις κάμπαι μικραί· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα αὐξηθεῖσαι ἀκινητίζουσι, καὶ μεταβάλλουσι τὴν μορφήν, καὶ καλοῦνται χρυσαλλίδες, καὶ σκληρὸν ἔχουσι τὸ κέλυφος, ἁπτομένου δὲ κινοῦνται.
And the so-called butterflies are generated from caterpillars, which are produced upon green leaves, and especially upon the cabbage, which some call crambe, being at first smaller than a millet seed, then small growing larvae, then in three days small caterpillars; and after these, having grown, they become motionless, and change their form, and are called chrysalises, and they have a hard shell, but move when touched.
Προσέχονται δὲ πόροις ἀραχνιώδεσιν οὔτε στόμα ἔχουσαι οὔτ’ ἄλλο τῶν μορίων διάδηλον οὐθέν.
And they are attached by spider-web-like threads, having neither a mouth nor any other of their parts distinct.
Χρόνου δ’ οὔ πολλοῦ διελθόντος περιρρήγνυται τὸ κέλυφος, καὶ ἐκπέτεται ἐξ αὐτῶν πτερωτὰ ζῷα, ἃς καλοῦμεν ψυχάς.
And after not much time has passed, the shell bursts around, and winged animals fly out of them, which we call butterflies.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον, ὅταν ὦσι κάμπαι, τρέφονται καὶ περίττωμα ἀφιᾶσιν· ὅταν δὲ γένωνται χρυσαλλίδες, οὐθενὸς οὔτε γεύονται οὔτε προΐενται περίττωμα.
Now at first, when they are caterpillars, they feed and void excrement; but when they become chrysalises, they neither taste anything nor discharge excrement.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα γίνεται ἐκ σκωλήκων, καὶ ὅσοι ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ γίνονται ζῴων σκώληκες, καὶ ὅσοι ἄνευ ὀχείας.
And in the same manner also all other things that are generated from larvae, both those larvae that are generated from the mating of animals, and those without copulation.
Καὶ γὰρ οἱ τῶν μελιττῶν καὶ ἀνθρηνῶν καὶ σφηκῶν ὅταν μὲν νέοι σκώληκες ὦσι, τρέφονταί τε καὶ κόπρον ἔχοντες φαίνονται· ὅταν δ’ ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων εἰς τὴν διατύπωσιν ἔλθωσι, καλοῦνται μὲν νύμφαι τότε, οὐ λαμβάνουσι δὲ τροφὴν οὐδὲ κόπρον ἔτ’ ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ περιειργμένοι ἀκινητίζουσιν ἕως ἂν αὐξηθῶσιν· τότε δ’ ἐξέρχονται διακόψαντες ᾧ καταλήλειπται ὁ κύτταρος.
For indeed those of bees, wild bees, and wasps, when they are young larvae, both feed and are seen to have excrement; but when from being larvae they come to their shaping, they are called pupae then, and they do not take food nor do they have excrement anymore, but being enclosed they remain motionless until they have grown; and then they go out, having cut through [the substance] with which the cell has been plastered over.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ τὰ ὕπερα καὶ τὰ πηνία ἔκ τινων τοιούτων ἄλλων, αἳ κυμαίνουσι τῇ πορείᾳ καὶ προβᾶσαι τῷ ἑτέρῳ κάμψασαι ἐπιβαίνουσιν· ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν γιγνομένων τὸ οἰκεῖον χρῶμα λαμβάνει ἀπὸ τῆς κάμπης.
And the loopers and thread-spinners develop from some other such [caterpillars], which make undulating movements in their gait, and advancing, bend their other part and step forward; and each of the emerging creatures receives its proper color from the caterpillar.
Ἐκ δέ τινος σκώληκος μεγάλου, ὃς ἔχει οἷον κέρατα καὶ διαφέρει τῶν ἄλλων, γίνεται πρῶτον μὲν μεταβαλόντος τοῦ σκώληκος κάμπη, ἔπειτα βομβύλιος, ἐκ δὲ τούτου νεκύδαλος· ἐν ἓξ δὲ μησὶ μεταβάλλει ταύτας τὰς μορφὰς πάσας.
And from a certain large larva, which has as it were horns and differs from the others, there is generated first, when the larva changes, a caterpillar, then a cocoon, and from this a moth; and within six months it changes all these forms.
Ἐκ δὲ τούτου τοῦ ζῴου καὶ τὰ βομβύκια ἀναλύουσι τῶν γυναικῶν τινὲς ἀναπηνιζόμεναι, κἄπειτα ὑφαίνουσιν· πρώτη δὲ λέγεται ὑφῆναι ἐν Κῷ Παμφίλη Πλάτεω θυγάτηρ.
And from this animal, some women wind off the cocoons by unraveling them, and then weave them; and Pamphila, daughter of Plateas, in Cos, is said to have been the first to weave [this].
Ἐκ δὲ τῶν σκωλήκων τῶν ἐν τοῖς ξύλοις τοῖς αὔοις οἱ κάραβοι γίνονται τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον· πρῶτον μὲν ἀκινητισάντων τῶν σκωλήκων, εἶτα περιρραγέντος τοῦ κελύφους ἐξέρχονται οἱ κάραβοι.
And from the larvae in dry wood, the longicorn beetles are generated in the same manner; first indeed, when the larvae have become motionless, then when the shell has burst, the beetles emerge.
Ἐκ δὲ τῶν καράβων γίνονται αἱ πρασοκουρίδες· ἴσχουσι δὲ πτερὰ καὶ αὐταί.
And from these beetles are generated the leek-cutters; and they too have wings.
Ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς πλατέων ζωδαρίων τῶν ἐπιθεόντων οἱ οἶστροι· διὸ καὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι περὶ τὰ ὕδατα γίνονται οὗ τὰ τοιαῦτά ἐστὶ ζῷα.
And from the flat little creatures that run on the surface of rivers, the horse-flies [are generated]; which is why most of them are generated near waters where such creatures exist.