§5.14#2Καὶ ἐπιδίδωσι δ’ ἀεὶ ἐπὶ τὸ βελτίω τὰ ἔκγονα γεννᾶν μέχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν.
And the horse always improves towards generating better offspring up to twenty years of age.
Ὀχεύει δ’ ὁ ἵππος ὁ ἄρρην μέχρι ἐτῶν τριάκοντα καὶ τριῶν, ἡ δὲ θήλεια ὀχεύεται μέχρι τετταράκοντα ἐτῶν, ὥστε συμβαίνει σχεδὸν διὰ βίου γίνεσθαι τὴν ὀχείαν· ζῇ γὰρ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ὁ μὲν ἄρρην περὶ πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη, ἡ δὲ θήλεια πλείω τῶν τετταράκοντα· ἤδη δέ τις ἐβίωσεν ἵππος ἔτη ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ πέντε.
The male horse copulates up to thirty-three years, and the female is copulated with up to forty years, so that it happens that copulation takes place almost through life; for, for the most part, the male lives around thirty-five years, and the female more than forty; and indeed a certain horse once lived seventy-five years.
Ὄνος δὲ τριακοντάμηνος ὀχεύει καὶ ὀχεύεται.
An ass copulates and is copulated with at thirty months old.
Οὐ μέντοι γεννῶσί γε ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἀλλ’ ἢ τριετὴς ἢ διετὴς καὶ ἑξάμηνος.
However, they do not generate, for the most part, except when three years old, or two years and six months old.
Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐνιαυσία ἐκύησεν ὥστε καὶ ἐκτραφῆναι.
And indeed, even a one-year-old female became pregnant, so that the offspring was even reared.
Καὶ βοῦς ἐνιαυσία ἔτεκεν ὥστε καὶ ἐκτραφῆναι· καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ηὐξήθη ὅσον ἔμελλε, καὶ οὐκέτι.
And a cow at one year old brought forth, so that the offspring was even reared; and its size grew as much as it was destined to, and no more.
Αἱ μὲν οὖν ἀρχαὶ τοῖς ζῴοις τούτοις τῆς γεννήσεως τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον.
Thus, the beginnings of generation for these animals are of this manner.
Γεννᾷ δ’ ἄνθρωπος μὲν τὸ ἔσχατον μέχρι ἑβδομήκοντα ἐτῶν ὁ ἄρρην, γυνὴ δὲ μέχρι πεντήκοντα.
In humans, at the furthest limit, the male generates up to seventy years, and the woman up to fifty.
Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν σπάνιον· ὀλίγοις γὰρ γεννᾶται ἐν ταύταις ταῖς ἡλικίαις τέκνα· ὡς δ’ ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τοῖς μὲν πέντε καὶ ἑξήκοντα ὅρος, ταῖς δὲ πέντε καὶ τετταράκοντα.
But this indeed is rare; for to few are children born at these ages; but for the most part, sixty-five is the limit for men, and forty-five for women.
Πρόβατον δὲ τίκτει μέχρι ἐτῶν ὀκτώ, ἐὰν δὲ θεραπεύηται καλῶς, καὶ μέχρι ἕνδεκα· σχεδὸν δὲ διὰ βίου συμβαίνει ὀχεύειν καὶ ὀχεύεσθαι ἀμφοτέροις.
A sheep brings forth up to eight years, and if it is well cared for, even up to eleven; and almost through life it happens that both copulate and are copulated with.
Οἱ δὲ τράγοι πίονες ὄντες ἧττον γόνιμοί εἰσιν (ἀφ’ ὧν καὶ τὰς ἀμπέλους, ὅταν μὴ φέρωσι, τραγᾶν καλοῦσιν), ἀλλὰ παρισχναινόμενοι δύνανται ὀχεύοντες γεννᾶν.
Male goats, when they are fat, are less fertile (from which also they call vines, when they do not bear fruit, "to act like he-goats"), but when made lean, they are able by copulating to generate.
Ὀχεύουσι δ’ οἱ κριοὶ τὰς πρεσβυτάτας πρῶτον, τὰς δὲ νέας οὐ διώκουσιν.
Rams copulate with the oldest ewes first, and do not pursue the young ones.
Τίκτουσι δ’, ὥσπερ εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς πρότερον, αἱ νέαι ἐλάττω τὰ ἔκγονα τῶν πρεσβυτέρων.
And, as was said in the preceding parts, the young ones bring forth smaller offspring than the older ones.
Κάπρος δ’ ἀγαθὸς μὲν ὀχεύειν μέχρι ἐπὶ τριετές, τῶν δὲ πρεσβυτέρων χείρω τὰ ἔκγονα· οὐ γὰρ ἔτι γίνεται αὐτῷ ἐπίδοσις οὐδὲ ῥώμη.
A boar is good for copulating up to three years old, but the offspring of older ones are worse; for there is no longer to him growth nor strength.
Ὀχεύειν δ’ εἴωθε χορτασθεὶς καὶ μὴ προβιβάσας ἄλλην· εἰ δὲ μή, ὀλιγοχρονιωτέρα ἡ ὀχεία γίνεται καὶ μικρότερα τὰ ἔκγονα.
He is accustomed to copulate when well fed, and not having previously served another female; otherwise, the copulation becomes of shorter duration, and the offspring smaller.
Τίκτει δ’ ἐλάχιστα μὲν ὗς, ὅταν ᾖ πρωτοτόκος· δευτεροτόκος δ’ οὖσα ἀκμάζει· γηράσκουσα δὲ τίκτει μὲν ὁμοίως, ὀχεύεται δὲ βραδύτερον· ὅταν δὲ πεντεκαιδεκαετεῖς ὦσιν, οὐκέτι γεννῶσιν ἀλλὰ γραῖαι γίνονται.
A sow brings forth the fewest when she is a first-time mother; but when she is a second-time mother, she is in her prime; and as she grows old she brings forth similarly, but is copulated with more slowly; but when they are fifteen years old, they no longer generate but become barren.
Ἐὰν δ’ εὐτραφὴς ᾖ, θᾶττον ὁρμᾷ πρὸς τὰς ὀχείας καὶ νέα καὶ γηράσκουσα· ἔγκυος δ’ οὖσα ἐὰν πιαίνηται σφόδρα, ἔλαττον ἴσχει τὸ γάλα μετὰ τὸν τόκον.
And if she is well-fed, she rushes more quickly to copulations, both when young and when growing old; and if, when pregnant, she becomes very fat, she has less milk after the birth.
Τὰ δ’ ἔκγονα κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἡλικίαν βέλτιστα ἐν ἀκμῇ, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ὥρας, ὅσα τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀρχομένου γίνεται· χείριστα δὲ τὰ θερινά· καὶ γὰρ μικρὰ καὶ λεπτὰ καὶ ὑγρά.
The offspring, in respect of age, are best when the parents are in their prime, and in respect of the seasons, those that are born at the beginning of winter; and worst are the summer ones; for they are small, thin, and flaccid.
Ὁ δ’ ἄρρην, ἐὰν μὲν εὐτραφὴς ᾖ, πᾶσαν ὥραν ὀχεύειν δύναται, καὶ μεθ’ ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτωρ· εἰ δὲ μή, μάλιστα τό γ’ ἕωθεν· καὶ γηράσκων ἧττον ἀεί, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον.
The male, if he is well-fed, is able to copulate at any season, both by day and by night; otherwise, especially in the morning; and as he grows old, always less, as has also been said before.
Πολλάκις δ’ οἱ ἀδύνατοι ἢ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἢ δι’ ἀσθένειαν, οὐ δυνάμενοι ταχέως ὀχεύειν, κατακλινομένης τῆς θηλείας διὰ τὸ κάμνειν τῇ στάσει συγκατακλιθέντες πλησιάζουσιν.
Often those unable either through age or through weakness, being unable to copulate quickly, when the female lies down because of being tired of standing, lie down with her and have intercourse.
Κυΐσκεται δὲ μάλιστα ἡ ὗς, ἐπειδὰν θυῶσα καταβάλλῃ τὰ ὦτα· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀναθυᾷ πάλιν.
The sow becomes pregnant especially when, being in heat, she lets down her ears; otherwise, she goes into heat again.
Αἱ δὲ κύνες ὀχεύονται οὐ διὰ βίου ἀλλὰ μέχρι ἀκμῆς τινός· ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ μέχρι ἐτῶν δώδεκα αἵ τ’ ὀχεῖαι συμβαίνουσι καὶ αἱ κυήσεις αὐτῶν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλ’ ἤδη τισὶ καὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα ἔτη γεγονόσι καὶ εἴκοσι συνέβη καὶ θηλείαις ὀχευθῆναι καὶ ἄρρεσι γεννῆσαι.
Female dogs are copulated with not through life, but up to a certain prime; for the most part, up to twelve years both their copulations and their pregnancies take place; nevertheless, already to some who had become even eighteen and twenty years old, it happened both for females to be copulated with and for males to generate.
Ἀφαιρεῖται δὲ καὶ τὸ γῆρας ὥστε μὴ γεννᾶν μηδὲ τίκτειν, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
But old age also takes away their power, so as neither to generate nor to bring forth, just as in the case of the others.
Ἡ δὲ κάμηλος ἔστι μὲν ὀπισθουρητικόν, καὶ ὀχεύεται ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον· τῆς δ’ ὀχείας ὁ χρόνος ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ κατὰ τὸν Μαιμακτηριῶνα μῆνα.
The camel is an animal that urinates backwards, and copulates as has been said before; and the time of copulation in Arabia is during the month of Maimacterion.
Κύει δὲ δώδεκα μῆνας, τίκτει δὲ ἕν· ἔστι γὰρ μονοτόκον.
It is pregnant for twelve months, and brings forth one; for it is uniparous.
Ἄρχεται δὲ τῆς ὀχείας ἡ θήλεια τριετὴς οὖσα καὶ ὁ ἄρρην τριετὴς ὤν· μετὰ δὲ τὸν τόκον ἓν ἔτος διαλιποῦσα ὀχεύεται ἡ θήλεια.
And the female begins copulation when she is three years old, and the male when he is three years old; and after the birth, having let one year intervene, the female is copulated with.
Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ἄρχεται μὲν βαίνεσθαι ὁ μὲν νεώτατος δέκ’ ἐτῶν, ὁ δὲ πρεσβύτατος πεντεκαίδεκα· ὁ δ’ ἄρρην βαίνει πεντέτης ὢν ἢ ἑξέτης.
The elephant begins to be mounted, the youngest at ten years, and the oldest at fifteen; and the male mounts when he is five or six years old.
Χρόνος δὲ τῆς ὀχείας τὸ ἔαρ.
And the time of copulation is spring.
Πάλιν δὲ βαίνει μετὰ τὴν ὀχείαν διὰ τρίτου ἔτους· ὃν δ’ ἂν ἐγκύμονα ποιήσῃ, τούτου πάλιν οὐχ ἅπτεται.
And he mounts again after copulation in the third year; and whichever female he has made pregnant, he does not touch her again.
Κύει δ’ ἔτη δύο, τίκτει δ’ ἕν· ἔστι γὰρ μονοτόκον· τὸ δ’ ἔμβρυον γίνεται ὅσον μόσχος δίμηνος ἢ τρίμηνος.
She is pregnant for two years, and brings forth one; for she is uniparous; and the fetus is as large as a calf of two or three months old.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ὀχείας τῶν ζῴων τῶν ὀχευομένων τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον·
Thus, concerning the copulation of animals that copulate, it is of this manner.