§5.14#1Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τὰ ζῷα πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν.
Animals also differ in respect of their age for copulation.
Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν οὐχ ἅμα τοῖς πολλοῖς ἄρχεταί τε τὸ σπέρμα ἐκκρίνεσθαι καὶ γεννᾶν δύναται, ἀλλ’ ὕστερον· τὸ γὰρ τῶν νέων ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἄγονον, γονίμων δ’ ὄντων ἀσθενέστερα καὶ ἐλάττω τὰ ἔκγονα.
First of all, then, in most animals, semen does not begin to be secreted at the same time that they are able to generate, but later; for in all animals the first semen of the young is sterile, and when they do become fertile, their offspring are weaker and smaller.
Τοῦτο δὲ μάλιστα δῆλον ἐπί τε τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τῶν ζῳοτόκων τετραπόδων καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων· τῶν μὲν γὰρ τὰ ἔκγονα ἐλάττω, τῶν δὲ τὰ ᾠά.
This is most obvious in humans, in viviparous quadrupeds, and in birds; for in some the offspring are smaller, and in others the eggs.
Αἱ δ’ ἡλικίαι τοῖς ὀχεύουσιν αὐτοῖς μὲν πρὸς αὑτοὺς τοῖς γένεσι τοῖς πλείστοις σχεδὸν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν γίνονται χρόνον, ἐὰν μή τι προτερῇ διά τι τερατῶδες πάθος ἢ διὰ βλάβην τῆς φύσεως.
The ages of maturity for those that copulate are, in most genera, almost at the same period when individuals of the same genus are compared with one another, unless something occurs prematurely through some monstrous affection or some defect of nature.
Τοῖς μὲν οὖν ἀνθρώποις ἐπισημαίνει κατά τε τὴν τῆς φωνῆς μεταβολὴν καὶ τῶν αἰδοίων οὐ μόνον μεγέθει ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴδει, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μαστῶν ὡσαύτως, μάλιστα δὲ τῇ τριχώσει τῆς ἥβης.
In humans, indeed, it is indicated by the change of voice and by the genitals, not only in size but also in form, and likewise in the breasts, and especially by the hairiness of the pubes.
Ἄρχεται δὲ φέρειν τὸ σπέρμα περὶ τὰ δὶς ἑπτὰ ἔτη, γεννητικὸς δὲ περὶ τὰ τρὶς ἑπτά.
A human begins to produce semen around twice seven years, and becomes capable of generating around thrice seven.
Τοῖς δ’ ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἥβη μὲν οὐ γίνεται (τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὅλως οὐκ ἔχει τρίχας, τὰ δ’ οὐκ ἔχει ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις, ἢ ἐλάττους τῶν ἐν τοῖς πρανέσιν), ἡ δὲ φωνὴ μεταβάλλουσα ἐν ἐνίοις ἐπίδηλός ἐστιν· τοῖς δ’ ἕτερα τοῦ σώματος μόρια ἐπισημαίνει τήν τ’ ἀρχὴν τοῦ σπέρμα ἔχειν καὶ τοῦ τὸ γόνιμον ἤδη.
In other animals, puberty does not occur (for some have no hair at all, and others have none on their underparts, or less than on their upper parts), but in some the change of voice is manifest; in others, different parts of the body indicate the beginning of having semen and of being already fertile.
Τὴν δὲ φωνὴν ὅλως ἔχει τὸ θῆλυ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις ὀξυτέραν, καὶ τὰ νεώτερα τῶν πρεσβυτέρων, ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ ἔλαφοι οἱ ἄρρενες τῶν θηλειῶν φθέγγονται βαρύτερον.
In general, in most animals, the female has a higher-pitched voice than the male, and the younger than the older, since even male deer utter a deeper sound than females.
Φθέγγονται δ’ οἱ μὲν ἄρρενες, ὅταν ἡ ὥρα τῆς ὀχείας ᾖ, αἱ δὲ θήλειαι, ὅταν φοβηθῶσιν.
The males cry out when it is the season for copulation, but the females when they are frightened.
Ἔστι δ’ ἡ μὲν τῆς θηλείας φωνὴ βραχεῖα, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ἄρρενος ἔχει μῆκος.
And the voice of the female is short, while that of the male has length.
Καὶ ἡ τῶν κυνῶν δὲ γηρασκόντων γίνεται βαρυτέρα φωνή.
And the voice of dogs also becomes deeper as they grow old.
Καὶ τῶν ἵππων δὲ διαφέρουσιν αἱ φωναί· εὐθὺς μὲν γὰρ γενόμεναι ἀφιᾶσι φωνὴν λεπτὴν καὶ μικρὰν αἱ θήλειαι, οἱ δ’ ἄρρενες μικρὰν μέν, μείζω μέντοι γε καὶ βαρυτέραν τῆς θηλείας· τοῦ δὲ χρόνου προϊόντος μείζονα· διετὴς δ’ ἐπειδὰν γένηται καὶ τῆς ὀχείας ἄρξηται, φωνὴν ἀφίησιν ὁ μὲν ἄρρην μεγάλην καὶ βαρεῖαν, ἡ δὲ θήλεια μείζω καὶ λαμπροτέραν ἢ τέως, ἄχρι ἐτῶν εἴκοσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ· μετὰ μέντοι τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ἀσθενεστέραν ἀφιᾶσι καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες καὶ αἱ θήλειαι.
And the voices of horses also differ; for immediately upon being born, the females emit a thin and small voice, while the males emit a small one, indeed, but larger and deeper than that of the female; and as time goes on, a larger one; but when they become two years old and begin to copulate, the male emits a loud and deep voice, and the female a larger and clearer one than before, for the most part up to twenty years; but after this time, both males and females emit a weaker voice.
Ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, διαφέρει ἡ φωνὴ τῶν ἀρρένων καὶ τῶν θηλειῶν ἐν τῷ βαρύτερον φθέγγεσθαι τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν, ὅσων ἐστὶν ἀπότασις τῆς φωνῆς· οὐ μὴν ἐν πᾶσί γε τοῖς ζῴοις, ἀλλ’ ἐνίοις τοὐναντίον, οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν βοῶν· ἐπὶ γὰρ τούτων τὸ θῆλυ τοῦ ἄρρενος βαρύτερον φθέγγεται, καὶ οἱ μόσχοι τῶν τελείων.
For the most part, then, as we said, the voice of males differs from that of females in that the males utter a deeper sound than the females, among those that have a sustained voice; not indeed in all animals, but in some the contrary is the case, as in oxen; for in these the female utters a deeper sound than the male, and the calves than the full-grown.
Διὸ καὶ τὰς φωνὰς τὰ ἐκτεμνόμενα μεταβάλλουσιν ἐναντίως· εἰς τὸ θῆλυ γὰρ μεταβάλλουσι τὰ ἐκτεμνόμενα.
Therefore, castrated animals also change their voices in the opposite direction; for castrated animals change towards the female voice.
Οἱ δὲ χρόνοι τῆς ὀχείας κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἔχουσιν ὧδε τοῖς ζῴοις.
The times of copulation according to age are as follows in animals.
Πρόβατον μὲν καὶ αἲξ αὐτοετὲς ὀχεύεται καὶ κύει, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ αἴξ· καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες δ’ ὀχεύουσιν ὡσαύτως.
Sheep and goats copulate and become pregnant in their first year, and more so the goat; and the males also copulate likewise.
Τὰ δ’ ἔκγονα τῶν ἀρρένων διαφέρει ἐπὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων· οἱ γὰρ ἄρρενες βελτίους γίνονται ἢ τῷ ὕστερον ἔτει, ὅταν γηράσκωσιν.
The offspring of the males differ in these and other animals; for the males become better than in their first year, as they grow older.
Ὗς δ’ ὀχεύει μὲν καὶ ὀχεύεται πρῶτον ὀκτάμηνος, τίκτει δ’ ἡ θήλεια μὲν ἐνιαυσία (οὕτω γὰρ συμβαίνει ὁ χρόνος τῆς κυήσεως), ὁ δ’ ἄρρην γεννᾷ μὲν ὀκτάμηνος, φαῦλα μέντοι πρὶν γενέσθαι ἐνιαύσιος.
The pig copulates and is copulated with for the first time at eight months old, and the female brings forth at one year old (for such is the period of gestation); the male, indeed, generates at eight months old, but his offspring are poor before he is a year old.
Οὐ πανταχοῦ δέ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ὁμοίως συμβαίνουσιν αἱ ἡλικίαι· ἐνιαχοῦ μὲν γὰρ αἱ ὕες ὀχεύονται μὲν καὶ ὀχεύουσι τετράμηνοι, ὥστε δὲ γεννᾶν καὶ ἐκτρέφειν ἑξάμηνοι, ἐνιαχοῦ δ’ οἱ κάπροι δεκάμηνοι ἄρχονται ὀχεύειν, ἀγαθοὶ δὲ μέχρι ἐπὶ τριετές.
The ages, however, do not occur alike everywhere, as has been said; for in some places pigs copulate and are copulated with at four months old, so as to bring forth and rear at six months, and in some places boars begin to copulate at ten months, and remain good for breeding up to three years.
Κύων δ’ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ μὲν ὀχεύεται ἐνιαυσία καὶ ὀχεύει ἐνιαύσιος, ἐνίοτε δὲ συμβαίνει ταῦτα καὶ ὀκταμήνοις· μᾶλλον δὲ τοῦτο γίνεται ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρρένων ἢ τῶν θηλειῶν.
A dog for the most part is copulated with at a year old, and the male copulates at a year old, but sometimes this happens even at eight months; and this occurs more in males than in females.
Κύει δ’ ἑξήκοντα καὶ μίαν ἢ καὶ δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἡμέρας τὸ μακρότατον· ἔλαττον δ’ οὐ φέρει τῶν ἑξήκονθ’ ἡμερῶν, ἀλλ’ ἄν τι καὶ γένηται, οὐκ ἐκτρέφεται εἰς τέλος.
She is pregnant for sixty-one, or sixty-two, or at most sixty-three days; she never carries her young for less than sixty days, and if any are born before, they are not reared to maturity.
Τεκοῦσα δὲ πάλιν ὀχεύεται ἕκτῳ μηνί, καὶ οὐ πρότερον.
Having brought forth, she copulates again in the sixth month, and not before.
Ἵππος δ’ ὀχεύειν ἄρχεται διετὴς καὶ ὀχεύεσθαι, ὥστε καὶ γεννᾶν· τὰ μέντοι ἔκγονα τὰ κατὰ τούτους τοὺς χρόνους ἐλάττω καὶ ἀσθενικώτερα.
A horse begins to copulate and to be copulated with at two years old, so as to even generate; however, the offspring produced at these times are smaller and weaker.
Ὡς δ’ ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον τριετὴς ὀχεύει καὶ ὀχεύεται.
For the most part, it copulates and is copulated with at three years old.