§4.4#2Ἔχει γὰρ πάντα τὴν μὲν ἐξωτάτω ἐν τῷ στόματι τοῦ ὀστράκου σάρκα στιφράν, τὰ μὲν μᾶλλον τὰ δ’ ἧττον.
For all of them have the outermost flesh at the mouth of the shell firm, some more, some less.
Ἐκ μέσου δὲ τούτου ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ κεράτια δύο· ταῦτα δ’ ἐν μὲν τοῖς μείζοσι μεγάλα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐλάττοσι πάμπαν μικρά ἐστιν.
And from the middle of this, the head and two tentacles extend; and these are large in the larger ones, but altogether small in the smaller ones.
Ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ ἐξέρχεται πᾶσι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον· κἄν τι φοβηθῇ, συσπᾶται πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἐντός.
The head comes out in the same way in all of them; and if it is frightened of anything, it retracts again to the inside.
Ἔχει δὲ στόμα καὶ ὀδόντας ἔνια, οἷον ὁ κοχλίας, ὀξεῖς καὶ μικροὺς καὶ λεπτούς.
And some have a mouth and teeth, such as the snail, sharp, small, and fine.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ προβοσκίδας, ὥσπερ καὶ αἱ μυῖαι· τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ γλωττοειδές.
They also have proboscises, just as flies do; and this is tongue-like.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ κήρυκες τοῦτο καὶ αἱ πορφύραι στιφρόν, καὶ ὥσπερ οἱ μύωπες καὶ οἱ οἶστροι τὰ δέρματα διατυπῶσι τῶν τετραπόδων, ὅτι τὴν ἰσχὺν τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ σφοδρότατον· τῶν γὰρ δελεάτων τὰ ὄστρακα διατρυπῶσιν.
And the trumpets and purple-fish have this firm, and just as horse-flies and gadflies pierce the skins of quadrupeds, they pierce the shells, since this is extremely strong in its power; for they bore through the shells of baits.
Τοῦ δὲ στόματος ἔχεται εὐθὺς ἡ κοιλία.
And immediately after the mouth comes the stomach.
Ὁμοία δ’ ἐστὶν ἡ κοιλία προλόβῳ ὄρνιθος ἡ τῶν κόχλων.
And the stomach of the whorled shells is like the crop of a bird.
Κάτω δ’ ἔχει δύο λευκὰ στιφρά, ὅμοια μαστοῖς, οἷα ἐγγίνεται καὶ ἐν ταῖς σηπίαις, πλὴν στιφρὰ ταῦτα μᾶλλον.
And below, it has two white firm parts, like breasts, such as also arise in cuttlefishes, except these are firmer.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κοιλίας στόμαχος ἁπλοῦς μακρὸς μέχρι τῆς μήκωνος, ἥ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ πυθμένι.
And from the stomach, a simple, long esophagus extends up to the mecon, which is at the bottom.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν δῆλα καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πορφυρῶν καὶ τῶν κηρύκων ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ ἑλίκῃ τοῦ ὀστράκου.
These things, then, are clear both in the purple-fish and the trumpets in the whorl of the shell.
Τοῦ δὲ στομάχου τὸ ἐχόμενόν ἐστιν ἔντερον· συνεχὲς δὲ ὅ τε στόμαχος καὶ τὸ ἔντερον, καὶ ἅπαν ἁπλοῦν μέχρι τῆς ἐξόδου.
And next to the esophagus is the intestine; and the esophagus and the intestine are continuous, and the whole is simple up to the outlet.
Ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἐντέρου περὶ τὴν ἑλίκην τῆς μήκωνος, καὶ ταύτῃ ἐστὶν εὐρύτερον (ἔστι γὰρ ἡ μήκων οἱονεὶ περίττωμα πᾶσι τοῖς ὀστρακηροῖς τὸ πολὺ αὐτῆς), εἶτα ἐπικάμψαν ἄνω φέρεται πάλιν πρὸς τὸ σαρκῶδες, καὶ ἡ τελευτὴ τοῦ ἐντέρου παρὰ τὴν κεφαλήν ἐστιν, ᾗ ἀφιᾶσι τὸ περίττωμα, πᾶσιν ὁμοίως τοῖς στρομβώδεσι καὶ τοῖς χερσαίοις καὶ τοῖς θαλαττίοις.
And the beginning of the intestine is around the whorl of the mecon, and at this part it is wider (for the mecon is as it were residue in all testaceans, for the most part of it), then, bending back, it is carried upward again towards the fleshy part, and the end of the intestine is near the head, where they discharge the residue, similarly in all the turbinated ones, both land and sea.
Παρύφανται δ’ ἀπὸ τῆς κοιλίας τῷ στομάχῳ ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις κόχλοις συνεχόμενος ὑμενίῳ μακρὸς πόρος καὶ λευκός, ὅμοιος τὴν χρόαν τοῖς ἄνω μαστοειδέσιν· ἔχει δ’ ἐντομὰς ὥσπερ τὸ ἐν τῷ καράβῳ ᾠόν, πλὴν τὴν χρόαν τὸ μὲν λευκόν, ἐκεῖνο δ’ ἐρυθρόν.
And alongside the esophagus, from the stomach, in the large whorled shells, there is woven a long and white duct, held together by a thin membrane, similar in color to the breast-like parts mentioned above; and it has segmentations like the egg in the spiny lobster, except in color this one is white, while that one is red.
Ἔχει δ’ οὐδεμίαν ἔξοδον τοῦτο οὐδὲ πόρον, ἀλλ’ ἐν ὑμένι ἐστὶ λεπτῷ, κοιλότητα ἔχον ἐν αὑτῷ στενήν.
And this has no outlet nor duct, but is in a thin membrane, having a narrow cavity within itself.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἐντέρου κάτω παρατείνει μέλανα καὶ τραχέα συνεχῆ, οἷα καὶ ἐν ταῖς χελώναις, πλὴν ἧττον μέλανα.
And from the intestine, downwards, there extend black and rough continuous parts, such as also in tortoises, except less black.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ θαλάττιοι κόχλοι ταῦτα καὶ τὰ λευκά, πλὴν ἐλάττω οἱ ἐλάττους.
And the marine whorled shells also have these and the white parts, except the smaller ones have them smaller.
Τὰ δὲ μονόθυρα καὶ δίθυρα τῇ μὲν ὁμοίως ἔχει τούτοις τῇ δ’ ἑτέρως.
And the univalves and bivalves are in some respects in the same state as these, but in other respects different.
Κεφαλὴν μὲν γὰρ καὶ κεράτια καὶ στόμα ἔχουσι καὶ τὸ γλωττοειδές· ἀλλ’ ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἐλάττοσι διὰ μικρότητα αὐτῶν ἄδηλα, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν τεθνεῶσιν ἢ μὴ κινουμένοις οὐ δῆλα.
For they have a head, tentacles, a mouth, and the tongue-like part; but in the smaller ones, because of their smallness, these are invisible, and some are not clear even in dead or motionless ones.
Τὴν δὲ μήκωνα πάντα ἔχει, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ οὐδὲ ἴσην οὐδ’ ὁμοίως φανεράν, ἀλλ’ αἱ μὲν λεπάδες κάτω ἐν τῷ βάθει, τὰ δὲ δίθυρα ἐν τῷ γιγγλυμώδει.
And they all have the mecon, but not in the same place, nor equal, nor similarly visible, but the limpets have it below at the bottom, and the bivalves near the hinge.
Καὶ τὰ τριχώδη πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει κύκλῳ τούτοις, οἷον καὶ τοῖς κτεσίν.
And the hair-like parts belong to all these in a circle, as also in scallops.
Καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον ᾠὸν τοῖς ἔχουσιν, ὅταν ἔχωσιν, ἐν τῷ ἐπὶ θάτερα κύκλῳ τῆς περιφερείας ἐστίν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ λευκὸν τοῖς κόχλοις· καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνοις τοῦτο ὅμοιον ὑπάρχει.
And the so-called egg in those that have it, when they have it, is in the circle of the circumference on the other side, just like the white part in the whorled shells; for a similar part exists in those as well.
Ἀλλὰ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα μόρια, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἐν μὲν τοῖς μεγάλοις δῆλά ἐστιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς μικροῖς ἢ οὐδὲν ἢ μόλις.
But all such parts, as has been said, are clear in the large ones, but in the small ones either not at all or with difficulty.
Διὸ μάλιστα ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις κτεσὶ φανερά ἐστιν· οὗτοι δ’ εἰσὶν οἱ τὴν ἑτέραν θυρίδα πλατεῖαν ἔχοντες, οἷον ἐπίθεμα.
Therefore they are most manifest in the large scallops; and these are the ones that have one of their shells flat, like a lid.