§4.4#1Τὰ δ’ ὀστρακόδερμα τῶν ζῴων, οἷον οἵ τε κοχλίαι καὶ οἱ κόχλοι καὶ πάντα τὰ καλούμενα ὄστρεα, ἔτι δὲ τὸ τῶν ἐχίνων γένος, τὸ μὲν σαρκῶδες, ὅσα σάρκας ἔχει, ὁμοίως ἔχει τοῖς μαλακοστράκοις (ἐντὸς γὰρ ἔχει), τὸ δ’ ὄστρακον ἐκτός, ἐντὸς δ’ οὐθὲν σκληρόν.
As for testaceous animals, such as snails, various whorled shells, and all those called shellfish, and furthermore the class of sea-urchins, as regards their fleshy part, as many as have flesh, they are in the same condition as the soft-shelled creatures (for they have it inside), but they have the shell outside, and nothing hard inside.
Αὐτὰ δὲ πρὸς αὑτὰ διαφορὰς ἔχει πολλὰς καὶ κατὰ τὰ ὄστρακα καὶ κατὰ τὴν σάρκα τὴν ἐντός.
And they have many differences among themselves both in respect of their shells and in respect of the flesh inside.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν οὐκ ἔχει σάρκα οὐδεμίαν, οἷον ἐχῖνος, τὰ δ’ ἔχει μέν, ἐντὸς δ’ ἔχει τὴν σάρκα ἀφανῆ πᾶσαν πλὴν τῆς κεφαλῆς, οἷον οἵ τε χερσαῖοι κοχλίαι καὶ τὰ καλούμενα ὑπό τινων κοκάλια καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ αἵ τε πορφύραι καὶ οἱ κήρυκες καὶ ὁ κόχλος καὶ τἆλλα τὰ στρομβώδη.
For some of them have no flesh at all, such as the sea-urchin, while others have it, but have the flesh entirely hidden inside except for the head, such as the land-snails and those called kokalia by some, and among sea creatures, the purple-fish, the trumpets, the whorled shell, and all the other turbinated kinds.
Τῶν δ’ ἄλλων τὰ μέν ἐστι δίθυρα τὰ δὲ μονόθυρα· λέγω δὲ δίθυρα τὰ δυσὶν ὀστράκοις περιέχομενα, μονόθυρα δὲ τὰ ἑνί· τὸ δὲ σαρκῶδες ἐπιπολῆς, οἷον ἡ λεπάς.
Of the rest, some are bivalve and others are univalve; by bivalve I mean those enclosed in two shells, and by univalve those in one; and the fleshy part is on the surface, such as the limpet.
Τῶν δὲ διθύρων τὰ μέν ἐστιν, ἀνάπτυχα, οἷον οἱ κτένες καὶ οἱ μύες· ἅπαντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα τῇ μὲν συμπέφυκε τῇ δὲ διαλέλυται, ὥστε συγκλείεσθαι καὶ ἀνοίγεσθαι.
And of the bivalves, some are capable of opening, such as scallops and mussels; for all such creatures are united on one side and separated on the other, so as to close and open.
Τὰ δὲ δίθυρα μέν ἐστιν, ὁμοίως δὲ συγκέκλεισται ἐπ’ ἀμφότερα, οἷον οἱ σωλῆνες.
Others are bivalves, but are similarly closed on both sides, such as the razor-fish.
Ἔστι δ’ ἃ ὅλα περιέχεται τῷ ὀστράκῳ καὶ οὐδὲν τῆς σαρκὸς ἔχει εἰς τὸ ἔξω γυμνόν, οἷον τὰ καλούμενα τήθυα.
And there are some that are entirely enclosed in the shell and have none of their flesh exposed to the outside, such as those called tethya.
Ἔτι δ’ αὐτῶν τῶν ὀστράκων διαφοραὶ πρὸς ἄλληλά εἰσιν.
Furthermore, there are differences among the shells themselves.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ λειόστρακά ἐστιν, ὥσπερ σωλὴν καὶ μύες καὶ κόγχαι ἔνιαι αἱ καλούμεναι ὑπό τινων γάλακες, τὰ δὲ τραχυόστρακα, οἷον τὰ λιμνόστρεα καὶ πίννα καὶ γένη κόγχων ἔνια καὶ κήρυκες· καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ῥαβδωτά ἐστιν, οἷον κτεὶς καὶ κόγχων τι γένος, τὰ δ’ ἀρράβδωτα, οἷον αἳ τε πίνναι καὶ κόγχων τι γένος.
For some are smooth-shelled, such as the razor-fish, mussels, and certain bivalves called galakes by some, while others are rough-shelled, such as oysters, the pinna, certain kinds of bivalves, and trumpets; and of these, some are ribbed, such as the scallop and a certain kind of bivalves, while others are ribless, such as the pinnae and a certain kind of bivalves.
Καὶ πάχει δὲ καὶ λεπτότητι τῶν ὀστράκων διαφέρουσιν, ὅλων τε τῶν ὀστράκων καὶ κατὰ μέρος, οἷον περὶ τὰ χείλη· τὰ μὲν γὰρ λεπτοχειλῆ ἐστίν, οἷον οἱ μύες, τὰ δὲ παχυχειλῆ, οἷον τὰ λιμνόστρεα.
They also differ in the thickness and thinness of their shells, both of the shells as a whole and in part, as around the margins; for some are thin-margined, such as mussels, while others are thick-margined, such as oysters.
Ἔτι τὰ μὲν κινητικὰ αὑτῶν ἐστίν, οἷον ὁ κτείς (ἔνιοι γὰρ καὶ πέτεσθαι λέγουσι τοὺς κτένας, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ὀργάνου ᾧ θηρεύονται ἐξάλλονται πολλάκις), τὰ δ’ ἀκίνητα ἐκ τῆς προσφυῆς, οἷον ἡ πίννα.
Furthermore, some of them are capable of motion, such as the scallop (for some even say that scallops fly, since they often leap out of the instrument with which they are hunted), while others are motionless because of their attachment, such as the pinna.
Τὰ δὲ στρομβώδη πάντα κινεῖται καὶ ἕρπει· νέμεται δ’ ἀπολυομένη καὶ ἡ λεπάς.
And all the turbinated kinds move and crawl; and the limpet also feeds by detaching itself.
Κοινὸν δὲ καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν σκληροστράκων τὸ λεῖον εἶναι ἐντὸς τὸ ὄστρακον.
And it is common to both these and the other hard-shelled creatures that the shell is smooth inside.
Τὸ δὲ σαρκῶδες τοῖς μὲν μονοθύροις καὶ διθύροις προσπέφυκε τοῖς ὀστράκοις, ὥστε βίᾳ ἀποσπᾶσθαι, τοῖς δὲ στρομβώδεσιν ἀπολέλυται μᾶλλον.
And the fleshy part is attached to the shells in the univalves and bivalves, so that it is torn away by force, but in the turbinated kinds it is more detached.
Ἴδιον δὲ τούτοις κατὰ τὸ ὄστρακον ὑπάρχει πᾶσι τὸ ἑλίκην ἔχειν τὸ ὄστρακον τὸ ἔσχατον ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς.
And peculiar to all these latter as regards the shell is their having a whorl at the extremity of the shell furthest from the head.
Ἔτι δ’ ἐπίπτυγμα πάντ’ ἔχει ἐκ γενετῆς.
Furthermore, they all have an operculum from birth.
Ἔτι δὲ πάντα τὰ στρομβώδη τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων δεξιά, καὶ κινεῖται οὐκ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑλίκην ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὸ καταντικρύ.
Furthermore, all the turbinated testaceans are right-handed, and they move not in the direction of the whorl but in the opposite direction.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἔξωθεν μόρια τούτων τῶν ζῴων τοιαύτας ἔχει τὰς διαφοράς· τῶν δ’ ἐντὸς τρόπον μέν τινα παραπλήσιος ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ πάντων, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν στρομβωδῶν (μεγέθει γὰρ ἀλλήλων διαφέρει καὶ τοῖς καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν πάθεσιν), οὐ πολὺ δὲ διαφέρει οὐδὲ τὰ μονόθυρα καὶ δίθυρα, συγκλειστὰ δέ· διαφορὰν γὰρ ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα μὲν μικράν, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἀκίνητα πλείω.
Now the external parts of these animals have such differences; as for their internal parts, their nature is in a way similar in all of them, and especially in the turbinated kinds (for they differ from one another in size and in characteristics of degree), nor do the univalves and bivalves, and those that are closed, differ much; for they have a small difference from one another, but a greater one from the motionless ones.
Τοῦτο δ’ ἔσται φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν ὕστερον μᾶλλον.
This will be more manifest from what follows.
Ἡ δὲ φύσις τῶν στρομβοειδῶν ἁπάντων ὁμοίως ἔχει, διαφέρει δ’ ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καθ’ ὑπεροχήν (τὰ μὲν γὰρ μείζω μέρη καὶ ἐνδηλότερα ἔχει αὐτῶν, τὰ δ’ ἐλάττω τοὐναντίον), ἔτι δὲ σκληρότητι καὶ μαλακότητι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τοιούτοις πάθεσιν.
And the nature of all the turbinated kinds is similar, and differs, as has been said, in degree (for some have their parts larger and more conspicuous, while others on the contrary have them smaller), and furthermore in hardness and softness, and other such characteristics.