§4.11τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ τοῖς μὲν ὑπάρχει τῶν ζῴων, τοῖς δ’ οὐχ ὑπάρχει, ἀλλὰ καθ’ ὁμοιότητά τινα καὶ τίκτειν λέγονται καὶ κύειν.
Male and female exist in some animals, but do not exist in others, but they are said to produce and to conceive according to some likeness.
Ἔστι δ’ οὐθὲν ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐν τοῖς μονίμοις, οὐδ’ ὅλως ἐν τοῖς ὀστρακοδέρμοις.
There is no male and female among those that are stationary, nor indeed at all among the testaceans.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς μαλακίοις καὶ τοῖς μαλακοστράκοις ἔστι τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν, καὶ ἐν τοῖς πεζοῖς καὶ ἐν τοῖς δίποσι καὶ τετράποσι καὶ πᾶσιν ὅσα ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ τίκτει ζῷον ἢ ᾠὸν ἢ σκώληκα.
But among the molluscs and the malacostracans there is female and male, and among the land-dwelling, the bipeds, the quadrupeds, and all those that from copulation produce an animal, an egg, or a grub.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἄλλοις γένεσιν ἁπλῶς ἢ ἔστιν ἢ οὐκ ἔστιν, οἷον ἐν μὲν τοῖς τετράποσι πᾶσιν ἔστι τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὀστρακοδέρμοις οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλ’ ὥσπερ ἐν φυτοῖς τὰ μὲν εὔφορά ἐστι τὰ δ’ ἄφορα, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τούτοις.
Now in the other classes, sex simply either exists or does not exist; for instance, in all quadrupeds there is female and male, but in the testaceans there is not, but just as among plants some are fruitful and others unfruitful, so it is also among these.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐντόμοις καὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσιν ἐστὶ τὰ μὲν ὅλως οὐκ ἔχοντα ταύτην τὴν διαφορὰν ἐπ’ οὐδέτερον, οἷον ἐγχέλυς οὔτε ἄρρεν ἐστὶν οὔτε θῆλυ, οὐδὲ γεννᾷ ἐξ αὑτῆς οὐδέν, ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν λέγοντες ὅτι τριχώδη καὶ ἑλμινθώδη προσπεφυκότ’ ἔχουσαί ποτέ τινες φαίνονται, οὐ προσθεωρήσαντες τὸ ποῦ ἔχουσιν ἀσκέπτως λέγουσιν.
But among insects and fish, there are some that do not have this distinction at all in either direction, for example, the eel is neither male nor female, nor does it generate anything from itself, but those who say that some eels are sometimes seen with hair-like and worm-like attachments have spoken without consideration, not having observed where they have them.
Οὔτε γὰρ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἄνευ ᾠοτοκίας οὐδὲν τῶν τοιούτων, ᾠὸν δ’ οὐδεμία πώποτε ὦπται ἔχουσα· ὅσα τε ζῳοτοκεῖ, ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ ἔχει καὶ προσπεφυκότα, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐν τῇ γαστρί· ἐπέττετο γὰρ ἂν ὥσπερ ἡ τροφή.
For none of such creatures produces young alive without producing eggs, and no eel has ever been seen having eggs; and all that produce young alive have them in the uterus attached to it, but not in the stomach, for they would have been digested like food.
Ἣν δὲ λέγουσι διαφορὰν ἄρρενος ἐγχέλυος καὶ θηλείας τῷ τὸν μὲν μείζω κεφαλὴν ἔχειν καὶ μακροτέραν, τὴν δὲ θήλειαν μικρὰν καὶ σιμοτέραν, οὐ τοῦ θήλεος ἢ ἄρρενος λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ γένους.
And as for the distinction they speak of between the male and female eel, namely that the one has a larger and longer head, while the female has a small and flatter head, they speak not of female or male, but of species.
Εἰσὶ δέ τινες ἰχθύες οἳ καλοῦνται ἐπιτραγίαι, γίνονται δὲ τῶν ποταμίων τοιοῦτοι κυπρῖνος καὶ βάλαγρος· οὐκ ἔχουσι δὲ οἱ τοιοῦτοι οὔτε ᾠὸν οὔτε θορὸν οὐδέποτε, ἀλλ’ ὅσοι στερεοί εἰσι καὶ πίονες, ἔντερον μικρὸν ἔχουσι, καὶ δοκοῦσιν ἄριστοι οὗτοι εἷναι.
There are some fish which are called epitragiae, and among river fish, the carp and the balagros become such; these never have either eggs or milt, but are hard and fat, and have a small intestine, and these are thought to be the best.
Ἔτι δ’ ἔνια, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς ὀστρακοδέρμοις καὶ φυτοῖς τὸ μὲν τίκτον ἐστὶ καὶ γεννῶν, τὸ δ’ ὀχεῦον οὐκ ἔστιν, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἰχθύσι τὸ τῶν ψηττῶν γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐρυθρίνων καὶ αἱ χάνναι· πάντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα ᾠὰ φαίνεται ἔχοντα.
Furthermore, just as among the testaceans and plants there is that which produces and generates, but there is not that which covers, so also among fish is the class of flatfish, of the erythrinus, and the channae; for all such appear to have eggs.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς πεζοῖς καὶ ἐναίμοις τῶν ζῴων ὅσα μὴ ᾠοτοκεῖ, τὰ πλεῖστα μείζω καὶ μακροβιώτερα τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν εἰσί, πλὴν ἡμίονος, τούτων δ’ αἱ θήλειαι μακροβιώτεραι καὶ μείζους· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ᾠοτόκοις καὶ τοῖς σκωληκοτόκοις, οἷον ἔν τε τοῖς ἰχθύσι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐντόμων, μείζω τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων ἐστίν, οἷον ὄφεις καὶ φαλάγγια καὶ ἀσκαλαβῶται καὶ βάτραχοι.
Now among the land-dwelling and blooded animals that do not lay eggs, the males are for the most part larger and longer-lived than the females, except for the mule, of which the females are longer-lived and larger; but among the egg-laying and grub-producing animals, such as in fish and in insects, the females are larger than the males, as for example snakes, phalangia, geckos, and frogs.
Καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἰχθύων δ’ ὡσαύτως, οἷον τά τε σελάχη τὰ μικρὰ καὶ τῶν ἀγελαίων τὰ πλεῖστα, τὰ δὲ πετραῖα πάντα.
And it is the same in the case of fish, such as the small cartilaginous fish and most of the shoaling ones, and all the rock-dwelling ones.
Ὅτι δὲ μακροβιώτεροι τῶν ἰχθύων αἱ θήλεις τῶν ἀρρένων, δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ παλαιότερα ἁλίσκεσθαι τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων.
And that the female fish are longer-lived than the males is clear from the fact that the females are caught older than the males.
Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄνω καὶ πρόσθια πάντων τῶν ζῴων τὰ ἄρρενα κρείττω καὶ ἰσχυρότερα καὶ εὐοπλότερα, τὰ δ’ ὡς ἂν ὀπίσθια καὶ κάτω λεχθέντα τῶν θηλέων.
And the upper and forward parts of all animals are better, stronger, and better-armed in the males, while the parts which might be called posterior and lower are so in the females.
Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἐπ’ ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων τῶν πεζῶν καὶ ζῳοτόκων πάντων ἔχει τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον.
This is the same way in humans and in all other land-dwelling and viviparous animals.
Καὶ ἀνευρότερον δὲ καὶ ἀναρθρότερον τὸ θῆλυ μᾶλλον, καὶ λεπτοτριχώτερον, ὅσα τρίχας ἔχει· τὰ δὲ μὴ τρίχας ἔχοντα κατὰ τὸ ἀνάλογον.
And the female is more tendonless and more jointless, and has finer hair in those that have hair, while those that do not have hair are in proportion.
Καὶ ὑγροσαρκότερα δὲ τὰ θήλεα τῶν ἀρρένων καὶ γονυκροτώτερα, καὶ αἱ κνῆμαι λεπτότεραι· τοὺς δὲ πόδας γλαφυρωτέρους, ὅσα τὰ μόρια ταῦτ’ ἔχει τῶν ζῴων.
And the females are more watery in flesh than the males, and knock-kneed, and their shins are thinner; and their feet are more delicate, in those animals that have these parts.
Καὶ περὶ φωνῆς δέ, πάντα τὰ θήλεα λεπτοφωνότερα καὶ ὀξυφωνότερα, πλὴν βοός, ὅσα ἔχει φωνήν· οἱ δὲ βόες βαρύτερον φθέγγονται αἱ θήλειαι τῶν ἀρρένων.
And regarding voice, all females have a thinner and higher voice, except for the ox, among those that have a voice; and female oxen make a deeper sound than the males.
Τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἀλκὴν ἐν τῇ φύσει ὑπάρχοντα μόρια, οἷον ὀδόντες καὶ χαυλιόδοντες καὶ κέρατα καὶ πλῆκτρα καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα μόρια, ἐν ἐνίοις μὲν γένεσιν ὅλως τὰ μὲν ἄρρενα ἔχει τὰ δὲ θήλεα οὐκ ἔχει, οἷον κέρατα ἔλαφος θήλεια οὐκ ἔχει καὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων τῶν πλῆκτρα ἐχόντων ἐνίων αἱ θήλειαι ὅλως πλῆκτρα οὐκ ἔχουσιν· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ χαυλιόδοντας αἱ θήλειαι οὐκ ἔχουσι τῶν ὑῶν.
And the parts existing in nature for defense, such as teeth, tusks, horns, spurs, and all other such parts, in some classes the males have them entirely and the females do not, as the female deer has no horns, and among some of the birds that have spurs the females have no spurs at all; and likewise the female swine do not have tusks.
Ἐν ἐνίοις δὲ ὑπάρχει μὲν ἀμφοῖν, ἀλλὰ κρείττω καὶ μᾶλλον τοῖς ἄρρεσιν, οἷον τὰ κέρατα τῶν ταύτων ἰσχυρότερα τῶν θηλειῶν βοῶν.
But in some they exist in both, but are better and more developed in the males, as the horns of bulls are stronger than those of female oxen.