§4.10Περὶ δὲ ὕπνου καὶ ἐγρηγόρσεως τῶν ζῴων, ὅτι μὲν ὅσα πεζὰ καὶ ἔναιμα πάντα καθεύδει καὶ ἐγρήγορεν, φανερὸν ποιοῦσι κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν.
Regarding sleep and waking of animals, that all those that are land-dwelling and blooded both sleep and wake is made manifest according to perception.
Πάντα γὰρ ὅσα ἔχει βλεφαρίδας, μύοντα ποιεῖται τὸν ὕπνον.
For all those that have eyelids take their sleep closing them.
Ἔτι δ’ ἐνυπνιάζειν φαίνονται οὐ μόνον ἄνθρωποι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἵπποι καὶ κύνες καὶ βόες, ἔτι δὲ πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες καὶ πᾶν τὸ τῶν ζῳοτόκων καὶ τετραπόδων γένος· δηλοῦσι δ’ οἱ κύνες τῷ ὑλαγμῷ.
And furthermore, not only humans but also horses, dogs, oxen, and also sheep, goats, and the whole class of viviparous quadrupeds seem to dream; and dogs make this clear by barking.
Περὶ δὲ τῶν ᾠοτοκούντων τοῦτο μὲν ἄδηλον, ὅτι δὲ καθεύδουσι, φανερόν.
As for egg-laying animals, while this is unclear, that they sleep is clear.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἔνυδρα, οἷον οἵ τε ἰχθύες καὶ τὰ μαλάκια καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα κάραβοί τε καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.
Likewise also the aquatic animals, such as fish, molluscs, malacostracans, spiny lobsters, and the like.
Βραχύυπνα μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ ταῦτα πάντα, φαίνεται δὲ καθεύδοντα.
Now all these are short sleepers, but they are seen to sleep.
Σημεῖον δὲ κατὰ μὲν τὰ ὄμματα οὐκ ἔστι λαβεῖν (οὐδὲν γὰρ ἔχει βλέφαρα αὐτῶν), ἀλλὰ ταῖς ἀτρεμίαις.
And a sign cannot be taken from their eyes (for none of them has eyelids), but by their remaining motionless.
Ἁλίσκονται γὰρ οἱ ἰχθύες, εἰ μὴ διὰ τοὺς φθεῖρας καὶ τοὺς καλουμένους ψύλλους, κἂν ὥστε τῇ χειρὶ λαμβάνειν ῥᾳδίως· νῦν δ’, ἂν χρονίζωσιν, οὗτοι τῆς νυκτὸς κατεσθίουσι προσπίπτοντες, πολλοὶ τὸ πλῆθος ὄντες.
For fish, if it were not for the lice and the so-called fleas, could be caught even easily with the hand; but as it is, if they remain still for a long time, these creatures fall upon them and eat them up during the night, being many in number.
Γίνονται δ’ ἐν τῷ βυθῷ τῆς θαλάττης, καὶ τοσοῦτοι τὸ πλῆθος ὥστε καὶ τὸ δέλεαρ, ὅ τι ἂν ἰχθύος ᾖ, ἐὰν χρονίσῃ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, κατεσθίουσιν· καὶ ἀνέλκουσι πολλάκις οἱ ἁλιεῖς περὶ τὸ δέλεαρ ὥσπερ σφαῖραν συνεχομένων αὐτῶν.
They arise in the depth of the sea, and are so many in number that whatever bait of fish there may be, if it remains long on the bottom, they eat it up; and fishermen often haul up, around the bait, what looks like a ball of them clinging together.
Ἀλλ’ ἐκ τῶν τοιῶνδε μᾶλλον ἔστι τεκμήρασθαι ὅτι καθεύδουσιν· πολλάκις γὰρ ἔστιν ἐπιπεσόντα τοῖς ἰχθύσι λαθεῖν οὕτως ὥστε καὶ τῇ χειρὶ λαβεῖν ἢ πατάξαντα λαθεῖν· ὑπὸ δὲ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ἠρεμοῦσι σφόδρα, καὶ κινοῦσιν οὐθὲν πλὴν ἠρέμα τὸ οὐραῖον.
But from the following indications it is better to infer that they sleep: for it is often possible to come upon the fish unawares so as to catch them with the hand or strike them without being noticed; and during this time they remain very quiet, moving nothing except gently the tail.
Δῆλον δὲ γίνεται ὅτι καθεύδει καὶ ταῖς φοραῖς, ἄν τι κινηθῇ ἡσυχαζόντων· φέρεται γὰρ ὥσ περ ἐξ ὕπνου ὄντα.
And it becomes clear that they sleep also by their movements, if anything is moved when they are at rest; for they move as if they were starting from sleep.
Ἔτι δ’ ἐν ταῖς πυρίαις ἁλίσκονται διὰ τὸ καθεύδειν.
Furthermore, they are caught in torch-fishing because of their being asleep.
Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ οἱ θυννοσκόποι περιβάλλονται καθεύδοντας· δῆλον δ’ ἐκ τοῦ ἡσυχάζοντας καὶ τὰ λευκὰ ὑποφαίνοντας ἁλίσκεσθαι.
And often the tunny-watchers also enclose them while they are asleep; and this is clear from their being caught while remaining quiet and showing their white underparts.
Καθεύδουσι δὲ τῆς νυκτὸς μᾶλλον ἢ τῆς ἡμέρας οὕτως ὥστε βαλλόντων μὴ κινεῖσθαι.
And they sleep more by night than by day, so that they do not move even when people strike at them.
Τὰ δὲ πλεῖστα καθεύδουσι τῆς γῆς ἢ τῆς ἄμμου ἢ λίθου τινὸς ἐχόμενοι ἐν τῷ βυθῷ, ἢ ἀποκρύψαντες ὑπὸ πέτραν ἢ θῖνα ἑαυτούς, οἱ δὲ πλατεῖς ἐν τῇ ἄμμῳ· γινώσκονται δὲ τῇ σχηματίσει τῆς ἄμμου, καὶ λαμβάνονται τυπτόμενοι τοῖς τριώδουσιν.
And most of them sleep clinging to the earth or the sand or some stone at the bottom, or hiding themselves under a rock or a sandbank, and the flat fish in the sand; and they are recognized by the shape of the sand, and are caught by being struck with tridents.
Λαμβάνονται δὲ καὶ λάβραξ καὶ χρύσοφρυς καὶ κεστρεὺς καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι τριώδοντι ἡμέρας πολλάκις διὰ τὸ καθεύδειν· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐθὲν δοκεῖ τῶν τοιούτων ληφθῆναι ἂν τριώδοντι.
And the sea-bass, gilt-head, mullet, and all such are often caught with a trident by day because of their being asleep; otherwise, it seems that none of such fish could be caught with a trident.
Τὰ δὲ σελάχη οὕτω καθεύδει ἐνίοτε ὥστε καὶ λαμβάνεσθαι τῇ χειρί.
And the cartilaginous fish sometimes sleep so soundly as to be caught even with the hand.
Δελφὶς δὲ καὶ φάλαινα, καὶ ὅσα αὐλὸν ἔχει, ὑπερέχοντα τὸν αὐλὸν καθεύδει τῆς θαλάττης, δι’ οὗ καὶ ἀναπνέουσιν ἠρέμα κινοῦντες τὰς πτέρυγας· καὶ δελφῖνός γε καὶ ῥέγχοντος ἤδη ἠκρόανταί τινες.
And the dolphin and the whale, and all those that have a blowhole, sleep with the blowhole raised above the sea, through which they breathe while moving their flippers gently; and indeed some people have already heard a dolphin snoring.
Καθεύδει δὲ καὶ τὰ μαλάκια τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ οἱ ἰχθύες· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα τούτοις.
And the molluscs sleep in the same way as the fish; and likewise also the malacostracans like them.
Καὶ τὰ ἔντομα δὲ τῶν ζῴων ὅτι τυγχάνει ὕπνου, διὰ τοιούτων σημείων ἐστὶ φανερόν· ἡσυχάζουσί τε γὰρ καὶ ἀκινητίζουσιν ἐπιδήλως.
And that insects also experience sleep is manifest through signs of this kind; for they remain quiet and obviously motionless.
Μάλιστα δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν μελιττῶν τοῦτο δῆλον· ἠρεμοῦσί τε γὰρ καὶ παύονται βομβοῦσαι τῆς νυκτός.
This is especially clear in the case of bees; for they remain quiet and cease humming during the night.
Δῆλον δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐν ποσὶ μάλιστα τῶν τοιούτων· οὐ γὰρ μόνον διὰ τὸ μὴ ὀξὺ βλέπειν ἡσυχάζουσι τῆς νυκτός (ἅπαντα γὰρ ἀμυδρῶς βλέπουσι τὰ σκληρόφθαλμα), ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς τὸ τῶν λύχνων ἡσυχάζοντα φαίνονται οὐδὲν ἧττον.
And it is also very clear in those of such creatures that are under our feet; for they remain quiet at night not only because they do not see sharply (for all hard-eyed creatures see dimly), but even in the presence of the light of lamps they appear to remain quiet none the less.
Ἐνυπνιάζει δὲ τῶν ζῴων μάλιστα ἄνθρωπος.
Of animals, man dreams the most.
Καὶ νέοις μὲν οὖσι καὶ παιδίοις ἔτι πάμπαν οὐ γίνεται ἐνύπνιον, ἀλλ’ ἄρχεται τοῖς πλείστοις περὶ τέτταρα ἔτη ἢ πέντε· ἤδη δὲ γεγόνασι καὶ ἄνδρες καὶ γυναῖκες οἳ ὅλως οὐθὲν πώποτε ἐνύπνιον εἶδον.
And in those who are very young, and still infants, dreams do not occur at all, but begin for most around four or five years of age; and indeed there have been both men and women who have never seen any dream at all in their lives.
Συνέβη δέ τισι τῶν τοιούτων προϊούσης τῆς ἡλικίας ἰδεῖν ἐνύπνιον, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα γενέσθαι περὶ τὸ σῶμα μεταβολὴν τοῖς μὲν εἰς θάνατον τοῖς δ’ εἰς ἀρρωστίαν.
And it has happened to some of such persons, as they advanced in age, to see a dream, and after this a change occurred in their body, leading for some to death and for others to sickness.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν αἰσθήσεως καὶ ὕπνου καὶ ἐγρηγόρσεως τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον·
So, as regards perception, sleep, and waking, things are of this nature.