§5.1## Ε.
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔχουσι μόρια τὰ ζῷα πάντα καὶ τῶν ἐντὸς καὶ τῶν ἐκτός, ἔτι δὲ περί τε τῶν αἰσθήσεων καὶ φωνῆς καὶ ὕπνου, καὶ ποῖα θήλεα καὶ ποῖα ἄρρενα, πρότερον εἴρηται περὶ πάντων·
Ε. Now, concerning all the parts that animals have, both the internal and the external ones, and furthermore concerning their senses, voice, and sleep, and which of them are female and which male, has been spoken of previously for all.
περὶ δὲ τῶν γενέσεων αὐτῶν λοιπὸν διελθεῖν, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν πρώτων.
It remains to discuss their generations, and first about the first of them.
Εἰσὶ δὲ πολλαὶ καὶ πολλὴν ἔχουσαι ποικιλίαν, καὶ τῇ μὲν ἀνόμοιοι, τῇ δὲ τρόπον τινὰ προσεοίκασιν ἀλλήλαις.
They are many and possess great variety, and in one way they are dissimilar, but in another way they resemble one another in a manner.
Ἐπεὶ δὲ διῄρηται τὰ γένη πρῶτον, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ νῦν πειρατέον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν θεωρίαν· πλὴν τότε μὲν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐποιούμεθα σκοποῦντες περὶ τῶν μερῶν ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπου, νῦν δὲ περὶ τούτου τελευταῖον λεκτέον διὰ τὸ πλείστην ἔχειν πραγματείαν.
Since the classes were divided first, we must now attempt to conduct our inquiry in the same manner; except that then we made our beginning by considering the parts starting from man, but now we must speak of him last because this involves the greatest amount of inquiry.
Πρῶτον δ’ ἀρκτέον ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα περὶ τῶν μαλακοστράκων, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα δὲ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἐφεξῆς· ἔστι δὲ τά τε μαλάκια καὶ τὰ ἔντομα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ τῶν ἰχθύων γένος, τό τε ζῳοτόκον καὶ τὸ ᾠοτόκον αὐτῶν, εἶτα τὸ τῶν ὀρνίθων· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα περὶ τῶν πεζῶν λεκτέον, ὅσα τε ζῳοτόκα καὶ ὅσα ᾠοτόκα.
We must begin first with the testaceans, and after these concerning the malacostracans, and the others in this manner successively: namely, the molluscs and the insects, and after these the class of fish, both the viviparous and the oviparous among them, then that of birds; and after these we must speak of the land-dwelling animals, both those that are viviparous and those that are oviparous.
Ζῳοτόκα δ’ ἐστὶ τῶν τετραπόδων ἔνια, καὶ ἄνθρωπος τῶν διπόδων μόνον.
And some of the quadrupeds are viviparous, and of the bipeds, man alone.
Κοινὸν μὲν οὖν συμβέβηκε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ζῴων, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν φυτῶν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ σπέρματος ἑτέρων φυτῶν, τὰ δ’ αὐτόματα γίνεται, συστάσης τινὸς τοιαύτης ἀρχῆς, καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς γῆς λαμβάνει τὴν τροφήν, τὰ δ’ ἐν ἑτέροις ἐγγίνεται φυτοῖς, ὥσπερ εἴρηται ἐν τῇ θεωρίᾳ τῇ περὶ φυτῶν.
Now, a common circumstance occurs in animals just as in plants; for some plants come from the seed of other plants, and others arise spontaneously, some such principle having been established, and of these, some receive their nourishment from the earth, while others arise in other plants, as has been said in the inquiry concerning plants.
Οὕτω καὶ τῶν ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ ζῴων γίνεται κατὰ συγγένειαν τῆς μορφῆς, τὰ δ’ αὐτόματα καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ συγγενῶν, καὶ τούτων τὰ μὲν ἐκ γῆς σηπομένης καὶ φυτῶν, ὥσπερ πολλὰ συμβαίνει τῶν ἐντόμων, τὰ δ’ ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐν τοῖς μορίοις περιττωμάτων.
So also among animals, some come from animals according to the likeness of their form, while others arise spontaneously and not from related ones, and of these, some arise from decaying earth and plants, as happens in many of the insects, while others arise within the animals themselves from the residues in their parts.
Τῶν δὴ τὴν γένεσιν ἐχόντων ἀπὸ συγγενῶν ζῴων ἐν οἷς μὲν αὐτῶν ἐστὶ τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν, ἐκ συνδυασμοῦ γίνονται· ἐν δὲ τῷ τῶν ἰχθύων γένει ἔνια γίνεται οὔτε ἄρρενα οὔτε θήλεα, τῷ γένει μὲν ὄντα ἑτέροις τῶν ἰχθύων τὰ αὐτά, τῷ εἴδει δ’ ἕτερα, ἔνια δὲ καὶ πάμπαν ἴδια.
Now, among those that have their generation from related animals, in those of them where there is female and male, they are generated from copulation; but in the class of fish, some are generated being neither male nor female, being the same as other fish in class, but different in species, and some are entirely peculiar.
Τὰ δὲ θήλεα μέν ἐστιν, ἄρρενα δ’ οὐκέτι· ἐξ ὧν γίνεται ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ὄρνισι τὰ ὑπηνέμια.
Others are female indeed, but there is no male; from these are generated what are like the wind-eggs in birds.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν τῶν ὀρνίθων ἄγονα πάντα ἐστὶ ταῦτα (μέχρι γὰρ τοῦ ᾠοῦ γέννησιν δύναται ἡ φύσις αὐτῶν ἐπιτελεῖν), ἐὰν μή τις αὐτοῖς συμβῇ τρόπος ἄλλος τῆς κοινωνίας πρὸς τοὺς ἄρρενας· περὶ ὧν ἀκριβέστερον ἔσται δῆλον ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον.
Now, these of birds are all infertile (for their nature is able to perform generation only up to the egg), unless some other manner of communication with the males occurs to them; concerning which it will be clear more accurately in what follows.
Τῶν δὲ ἰχθύων ἐνίοις, ὅταν αὐτόματα γεννήσωσιν ᾠά, συμβαίνει ἐκ τούτων καὶ ζῷα γίνεσθαι, πλὴν τῶν μὲν καθ’ αὑτά, τῶν δ’ οὐκ ἄνευ ἄρρενος· ὃν δὲ τρόπον, καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν τοῖς ἐχομένοις ἔσται φανερόν· σχεδὸν γὰρ παραπλήσια συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων.
But in some fish, when they generate eggs spontaneously, it happens that animals also are generated from these, except that for some it is by themselves, and for others not without the male; in what manner, this also will be clear concerning these in the following parts; for what happens is nearly similar to what occurs in birds.
Ὅσα δ’ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου γίνεται ἐν ζῴοις ἢ γῇ ἢ φυτοῖς ἢ τοῖς τούτων μορίοις, ἔχουσι δὲ τὸ ἄρρεν καὶ τὸ θῆλυ, ἐκ τούτων συνδυαζομένων γίνεται μέν τι, οὐ ταὐτὸ δ’ ἐξ οὐθενὸς ἀλλ’ ἀτελές, οἷον ἔκ τε τῶν φθειρῶν ὀχευομένων αἱ καλούμεναι κονίδες καὶ ἐκ τῶν μυιῶν σκώληκες καὶ ἐκ τῶν ψυχῶν σκώληκες ᾠοειδεῖς, ἐξ ὧν οὔτε τὰ γεννήσαντα γίνεται οὔτε ἄλλο οὐθὲν ζῷον, ἀλλὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα μόνον.
On the other hand, of those that arise spontaneously in animals, or earth, or plants, or in their parts, but possess the male and the female, when these copulate, something indeed is generated, but not the same from any of them, but rather something incomplete, as from the copulation of lice the so-called nits are produced, and from flies maggots, and from butterflies egg-like maggots, from which neither the generating parents nor any other animal is produced, but only such things.
Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν περὶ τῆς ὀχείας λεκτέον, ὅσα ὀχεύεται, εἶτα μετὰ ταῦτα περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐφεξῆς, τά τε καθ’ ἕκαστα καὶ τὰ κοινῇ συμβαίνοντα περὶ αὐτῶν.
First, therefore, we must speak of copulation, concerning all those that copulate, and then after these about the other things successively, both the particular facts and those that occur in common concerning them.