§4.9#2Ὁ δὲ βάτραχος ἰδίαν ἔχει τὴν γλῶτταν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔμπροσθεν προσπέφυκεν ἰχθυωδῶς, ὃ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀπολέλυται, τὸ δὲ πρὸς τὸν φάρυγγα ἀπολέλυται καὶ πέπτυκται, ᾧ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀφίησι φωνήν.
The frog has a peculiar tongue; for the front part of it is grown fast as in fish (the part which in others is free), while the part towards the pharynx is free and folded back, with which it emits its peculiar voice.
Καὶ τὴν ὀλολυγόνα δὲ τὴν γινομένην ἐν τῷ ὕδατι οἱ βάτραχοι οἱ ἄρρενες ποιοῦσιν, ὅταν ἀνακαλῶνται τὰς θηλείας πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν· εἰσὶ γὰρ ἑκάστοις τῶν ζῴων ἴδιαι φωναὶ πρὸς τὴν ὁμιλίαν καὶ τὸν πλησιασμόν, οἷον καὶ ὑσὶ καὶ τράγοις καὶ προβάτοις.
And the croaking which occurs in the water is made by the male frogs, when they call the females to copulation; for there are peculiar voices for each of the animals for communication and approximation, as also in pigs, goats, and sheep.
Ποιεῖ δὲ τὴν ὀλολυγόνα, ὅταν ἰσοχειλῆ τὴν κάτω σιαγόνα ποιήσας ἐπὶ τῷ ὕδατι περιτείνῃ τὴν ἄνω.
It makes the croaking when, having made its lower jaw level with the water, it stretches the upper jaw over it.
Δοκεῖ δὲ διαλαμπουσῶν τῶν σιαγόνων ἐκ τῆς ἐπιτάσεως ὥσπερ λύχνοι φαίνεσθαι οἱ ὀφθαλμοί· ἡ γὰρ ὀχεία τὰ πολλὰ γίγνεται νύκτωρ.
And because of the tension, their jaws being translucent, their eyes seem to shine like lamps; for copulation mostly takes place at night.
Τὸ δὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων γένος ἀφίησι φωνήν· καὶ μάλιστα ἔχει διάλεκτον ὅσοις ὑπάρχει μετρίως ἡ γλῶττα πλατεῖα, καὶ ὅσοι ἔχουσι λεπτὴν τὴν γλῶτταν αὐτῶν.
The class of birds emits a voice; and those have speech especially in which the tongue is moderately broad, and those which have their tongue thin.
Ἔνια μὲν οὖν τὴν αὐτὴν ἀφιᾶσι φωνὴν τά τε θήλεα καὶ τὰ ἄρρενα, ἔνια δ’ ἑτέραν.
Thus, in some cases the females and the males emit the same voice, while in others they emit a different one.
Πολύφωνα δ’ ἐστὶ καὶ λαλίστερα τὰ ἐλάττω τῶν μεγάλων· καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὴν ὀχείαν ἕκαστον γίνεται τῶν ὀρνέων τοιοῦτον, καὶ τὰ μὲν μαχόμενα φθέγγεται, οἷον ὄρτυξ, τὰ δὲ πρὸ τοῦ μάχεσθαι προκαλούμενα, ἢ νικῶντα, οἷον ἀλεκτρυόνες.
And the smaller birds are more varied in voice and more talkative than the large ones; and every bird becomes especially of this character around the time of copulation, and some utter sounds while fighting, as the quail, and others when challenging before the fight, or when victorious, as cocks.
Ἅιδουσι δ’ ἔνια μὲν ὁμοίως τὰ ἄρρενα τοῖς θήλεσιν, οἷον καὶ ἀηδὼν ᾄδει καὶ ὁ ἄρρην καὶ ἡ θήλεια, πλὴν ἡ θήλεια παύεται ὅταν ἐπῳάζῃ καὶ τὰ νεόττια ἔχῃ· ἐνίων δὲ τὰ ἄρρενα μᾶλλον, οἷον ἀλεκτρυόνες καὶ ὄρτυγες, αἱ δὲ θήλειαι οὐκ ᾄδουσιν.
And some males sing in the same way as the females, as both the male and female nightingale sing, except that the female ceases when she is brooding and has her young; but in some classes the males sing more, as cocks and quails, while the females do not sing.
Τὰ δὲ ζῳοτόκα καὶ τετράποδα ζῷα ἄλλο ἄλλην ἀφίησι φωνήν, διάλεκτον δ’ οὐδὲν ἔχει, ἀλλ’ ἴδιον τοῦτ’ ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν· ὅσα μὲν γὰρ διάλεκτον ἔχει, καὶ φωνὴν ἔχει, ὅσα δὲ φωνήν, οὐ πάντα διάλεκτον.
The viviparous and quadruped animals emit various voices, but none has speech, this being peculiar to man; for all those that have speech also have a voice, but not all that have a voice have speech.
Ὅσοι δὲ κωφοὶ γίνονται ἐκ γενετῆς, πάντες καὶ ἐνεοὶ γίνονται· φωνὴν μὲν οὖν ἀφιᾶσι, διάλεκτον δ’ οὐδεμίαν.
And all those who are deaf from birth also become dumb; so they emit a voice, but no speech.
Τὰ δὲ παιδία ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων μορίων οὐκ ἐγκρατῆ ἐστίν, οὕτως οὐδὲ τῆς γλώττης τὸ πρῶτον, καὶ ἔστιν ἀτελῆ, καὶ ἀπολύεται ὀψιαίτερον, ὥστε ψελλίζουσι καὶ τραυλίζουσι τὰ πολλά.
And infants, just as they have no control over their other parts, so at first they have none over their tongue, which is imperfect and is set free only later, so that they mostly lisp and stammer.
Διαφέρουσι δὲ κατὰ τόπους καὶ αἱ φωναὶ καὶ αἱ διάλεκτοι.
And both voices and speech differ according to locality.
Ἡ μὲν οὖν φωνὴ ὀξύτητι καὶ βαρύτητι μάλιστα ἐπίδηλος, τὸ δ’ εἶδος οὐδὲν διαφέρει τῶν αὐτῶν γενῶν· ἡ δ’ ἐν τοῖς ἄρθροις, ἣν ἄν τις ὥσπερ διάλεκτον εἴπειεν, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέρει καὶ τῶν ἐν ταὐτῷ γένει ζῴων κατὰ τόπους, οἷον τῶν περδίκων οἱ μὲν κακκαβίζουσιν οἱ δὲ τρίζουσιν.
Now, the voice is distinguished chiefly by pitch, high and low, and its character does not differ at all within the same genera; but that which consists in articulations, which one might call speech as it were, differs not only from that of other animals, but also among animals of the same genus according to locality, as some partridges cackle while others squeak.
Καὶ τῶν μικρῶν ὀρνιθίων ἔνια οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀφίησι φωνὴν ἐν τῷ ᾄδειν τοῖς γεννήσασιν, ἂν ἀπότροφα γένωνται καὶ ἄλλων ἀκούσωσιν ὀρνίθων ᾀδόντων.
And some of the small birds do not emit the same voice in singing as their parents, if they are reared away from them and hear other birds singing.
Ἤδη δ’ ὦπται καὶ ἀηδὼν νεοττὸν προδιδάσκουσα, ὡς οὐχ ὁμοίας φύσει τῆς διαλέκτου οὔσης καὶ τῆς φωνῆς, ἀλλ’ ἐνδεχόμενον πλάττεσθαι.
And indeed a nightingale has already been observed teaching its chick beforehand, as if speech, unlike voice, were not natural but capable of being fashioned.
Καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι φωνὴν μὲν τὴν αὐτὴν ἀφιᾶσι, διάλεκτον δ’ οὐ τὴν αὐτήν.
And humans emit the same voice, but not the same speech.
Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας φωνεῖ ἄνευ μὲν τοῦ μυκτῆρος αὐτῷ τῷ στόματι πνευματῶδες ὥσπερ ὅταν ἄνθρωπος ἐκπνέῃ καὶ αἰάζῃ, μετὰ δὲ τοῦ μυκτῆρος ὅμοιον σάλπιγγι τετραχυσμένῃ.
And the elephant, when not using its trunk, emits a breathy sound with its mouth alone, like when a human exhales and sighs, but when using its trunk, it emits a sound like a harsh trumpet.