§3.2#1Τῶν δ’ ὁμοιομερῶν κοινότατον μέν ἐστι τὸ αἷμα πᾶσι τοῖς ἐναίμοις ζῴοις καὶ τὸ μόριον ἐν ᾧ πέφυκεν ἐγγίνεσθαι (τοῦτο δὲ καλεῖται φλέψ), ἔπειτα δὲ τὸ ἀνάλογον τούτοις, ἰχὼρ καὶ ἶνες, καὶ ὃ μάλιστα δή ἐστι τὸ σῶμα τῶν ζῴων, ἡ σὰρξ καὶ τὸ τούτῳ ἀνάλογον ἐν ἑκάστῳ μόριον, ἔτι ὀστοῦν καὶ τὸ ἀνάλογον τούτῳ, οἷον ἄκανθα καὶ χόνδρος· ἔτι δὲ δέρμα, ὑμήν, νεῦρα, τρίχες, ὄνυχες, καὶ τὰ ὁμολογούμενα τούτοις· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις πιμελή, στέαρ καὶ τὰ περιττώματα· ταῦτα δ’ ἐστὶ κόπρος, φλέγμα, χολὴ ξανθὴ καὶ μέλαινα.
Among the uniform parts, the most common to all blooded animals is blood, and the part in which it is naturally formed (and this is called a vein); and next, what corresponds to these, namely ichor and fibers, and what is preeminently the body of animals, namely flesh and the part corresponding to this in each; further, bone and what corresponds to it, such as spine and cartilage; and further, skin, membrane, sinews, hair, nails, and what is classified with these; and in addition to these, soft fat, hard fat, and residues; and these are feces, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
Ἐπεὶ δ’ ἀρχῇ ἔοικεν ἡ τοῦ αἵματος φύσις καὶ ἡ τῶν φλεβῶν, πρῶτον περὶ τούτων λεκτέον, ἄλλως τε ἐπειδὴ καὶ τῶν πρότερον εἰρηκότων τινὲς οὐ καλῶς λέγουσιν.
Since the nature of blood and that of veins seem to resemble a principle, we must speak of these first, especially since some of those who have spoken previously do not speak well.
Αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀγνοίας τὸ δυσθεώρητον αὐτῶν.
The cause of this ignorance is the difficulty of observing them.
Ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς τεθνεῶσι τῶν ζῴων ἄδηλος ἡ φύσις τῶν κυριωτάτων φλεβῶν διὰ τὸ συμπίπτειν εὐθὺς ἐξιόντος τοῦ αἵματος μάλιστα ταύτας (ἐκ τούτων γὰρ ἐκχεῖται ἀθρόον ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀγγείου· καθ’ αὑτὸ γὰρ οὐδὲν ἔχει αἷμα, πλὴν ὀλίγον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ, ἀλλὰ πᾶν ἐστὶν ἐν ταῖς φλεψίν), ἐν δὲ τοῖς ζῶσιν ἀδύνατόν ἐστι θεάσασθαι πῶς ἔχουσιν· ἐντὸς γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτῶν.
For in dead animals, the nature of the principal veins is indistinct because these especially collapse as soon as the blood flows out (for from these it pours out all at once as if from a vessel; since the vessel itself has no blood by itself, except a little in the heart, but all of it is in the veins), while in living animals it is impossible to see how they are; for their nature is inside.
Ὥσθ’ οἱ μὲν ἐν τεθνεῶσι καὶ διῃρημένοις τοῖς ζῴοις θεωροῦντες τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς οὐκ ἐθεώρουν, οἱ δ’ ἐν τοῖς λελεπτυσμένοις σφόδρα ἀνθρώποις ἐκ τῶν τότε ἔξωθεν φαινομένων τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν φλεβῶν διώρισαν, Συέννεσις μὲν ὁ Κύπριος ἰατρὸς τόνδε τὸν τρόπον.
Therefore, those who observed in dead and dissected animals did not perceive the greatest origins, while others defined the origins of the veins in extremely emaciated men from what was visible from the outside at the time, Syennesis the Cyprian physician in the following manner.
Αἱ φλέβες αἱ παχεῖαι ὧδε πεφύκασιν, ἐκ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ παρὰ τὴν ὀσφὺν διὰ τοῦ νώτου παρὰ τὸν πλεύμονα ὑπὸ τοὺς μαστούς, ἡ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ δεξιοῦ εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά, ἡ δ’ ἐκ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ εἰς τὸ δεξιόν, ἡ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ διὰ τοῦ ἥπατος εἰς τὸν νεφρὸν καὶ εἰς τὸν ὄρχιν, ἡ δ’ ἐκ τοῦ δεξιοῦ εἰς τὸν σπλῆνα καὶ νεφρὸν καὶ ὄρχιν, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ εἰς τὸ αἰδοῖον. Διογένης δὲ ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης τάδε λέγει.
"The thick veins are naturally constituted thus: from the navel along the loin, through the back, along the lung under the breasts, one from the right to the left, and the other from the left to the right; the one from the left through the liver to the kidney and to the testicle, and the one from the right to the spleen and kidney and testicle, and thence to the privy member." And Diogenes of Apollonia says this: "The veins in man are in this condition.
Αἱ δὲ φλέβες ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, ὧδ’ ἔχουσιν. Εἰσὶ δύο μέγισται· αὗται τείνουσι διὰ τῆς κοιλίας παρὰ τὴν νωτιαίαν ἄκανθαν, ἡ μὲν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ ἡ δ’ ἐπ’ ἀριστερά, εἰς τὰ σκέλη ἑκατέρα τὰ παρ’ ἑαυτῇ, καὶ ἄνω εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν παρὰ τὰς κλεῖδας διὰ τῶν σφαγῶν.
There are two greatest ones; these extend through the belly along the backbone, one to the right and the other to the left, each to the leg on its own side, and upward to the head along the collarbones through the jugular veins.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τούτων καθ’ ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα φλέβες διατείνουσιν, ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς δεξιᾶς εἰς τὰ δεξιά, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἀριστερᾶς εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά, μέγισται μὲν δύο εἰς τὴν καρδίαν περὶ αὐτὴν τὴν νωτιαίαν ἄκανθαν, ἕτεραι δ’ ὀλίγον ἀνωτέρω διὰ τῶν στηθῶν ὑπὸ τὴν μασχάλην εἰς ἑκατέραν τὴν χεῖρα τὴν παρ’ ἑαυτῇ· καὶ καλεῖται ἡ μὲν σπληνῖτις, ἡ δὲ ἡπατῖτις.
And from these, veins extend throughout the entire body, from the right one to the right parts, and from the left one to the left parts, the two greatest to the heart around the backbone itself, and others a little higher through the chest under the armpit to each hand on its own side; and one is called splenitis, and the other hepatitis."