§3.1#3Τῶν δ’ ᾠοτοκούντων εἰς τοὐμφανὲς οὐχ ὁμοίως ἁπάντων ἔχουσιν, ἀλλ’ αἱ μὲν τῶν ὀρνίθων πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι, αἱ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων κάτω, καθάπερ αἱ τῶν ζῳοτοκούντων διπόδων καὶ τετραπόδων, πλὴν λεπταὶ καὶ ὑμενώδεις καὶ μακραί, ὥστ’ ἐν τοῖς σφόδρα μικροῖς τῶν ἰχθύων δοκεῖν ἑκατέραν ᾠὸν εἶναι ἕν, ὡς δύο ἐχόντων ᾠὰ τῶν ἰχθύων τούτων, ὅσων λέγεται τὸ ᾠὸν εἶναι ψαθυρόν· ἔστι γὰρ οὐχ ἓν ἀλλὰ πολλά, διόπερ διαχεῖται εἰς πολλά.
But in those that lay eggs externally, the wombs are not in the same condition in all; rather, those of birds are near the diaphragm, while those of fishes are below, just like those of biped and quadruped live-bearing animals, except that they are thin, membranous, and long, so that in very small fishes each of the two branches seems to be a single egg, as if these fishes had two eggs, namely those of which the spawn is said to be crumbly; for it is not one but many, and therefore it is scattered into many.
Ἡ δὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων ὑστέρα κάτωθεν μὲν ἔχει τὸν καυλὸν σαρκώδη καὶ στιφρόν, τὸ δὲ πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι ὑμενῶδες καὶ λεπτὸν πάμπαν, ὥστε δόξαι ἂν ἔξω τῆς ὑστέρας εἶναι τὰ ᾠά.
The womb of birds has a fleshy and firm shaft below, but the part near the diaphragm is entirely membranous and thin, so that the eggs might seem to be outside the womb.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς μείζοσι τῶν ὀρνίθων δῆλος ὁ ὑμήν ἐστι μᾶλλον, καὶ φυσώμενος διὰ τοῦ καυλοῦ αἴρεται καὶ κολποῦται· ἐν δὲ τοῖς μικροῖς ἀδηλότερα πάντα ταῦτα.
Now, in the larger birds, the membrane is more distinct, and when blown into through the shaft, it rises and becomes pouch-like; but in small ones, all these things are more indistinct.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ἔχει ἡ ὑστέρα καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσι μὲν τῶν ζῴων ὠοτόκοις δέ, οἷον χελώνῃ καὶ σαύρᾳ καὶ βατράχοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τοιούτοις· ὁ μὲν γὰρ καυλὸς κάτωθεν εἷς καὶ σαρκωδέστερος, ἡ δὲ σχίσις καὶ τὰ ᾠὰ ἄνω πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι.
The womb is in the same condition also in those animals that are quadruped and egg-laying, such as the tortoise, lizard, frogs, and other such animals; for the shaft below is single and meatier, but the division and the eggs are above near the diaphragm.
Ὅσα δὲ τῶν ἀπόδων εἰς τὸ φανερὸν μὲν ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ, οἷον οἵ τε γαλεοὶ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ καλούμενα σελάχη (καλεῖται δὲ σέλαχος ὃ ἂν ἄπουν ὂν καὶ βράγχια ἔχον ζῳοτόκον ᾖ), τούτων δὴ δικρόα μὲν ἡ ὑστέρα, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὸ ὑπόζωμα τείνει, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων.
And as for those footless animals that produce live young externally but lay eggs within themselves, such as the dogfishes and the other so-called selachians (and a selachian is called whatever is footless, has gills, and is live-bearing), in these indeed the womb is double-pronged, and likewise extends toward the diaphragm, just as in birds.
Ἔτι δὲ διὰ μέσου τῶν δικρόων κάτωθεν ἀρξαμένη μέχρι πρὸς τὸ ὑπόζωμα τείνει, καὶ τὰ ᾠὰ ἐνταῦθα γίνεται καὶ ἄνω ἐπ’ ἀρχῇ τοῦ ὑποζώματος· εἶτα προελθόντα εἰς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν ζῷα γίνεται ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν.
Furthermore, starting from below, it extends through the middle of the double-pronged parts as far as the diaphragm, and the eggs are produced there and above at the beginning of the diaphragm; then, proceeding into the wide space, they become live young from the eggs.
Αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων πρὸς ἄλληλά τε καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἰχθῦς ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν ὑστερῶν ἀκριβέστερον ἂν θεωρηθείη τοῖς σχήμασιν ἐκ τῶν ἀνατομῶν.
And the difference between the wombs of these very animals in relation to one another and to other fishes would be observed more accurately from the diagrams of the dissections.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὸ τῶν ὄφεων γένος πρός τε ταῦτα καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα διαφοράν.
The genus of serpents also has a difference both in relation to these and to one another.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα γένη τῶν ὄφεων ᾠοτοκεῖ, ἔχις δὲ ζῳοτοκεῖ μόνον, ᾠοτοκήσας ἐν αὑτῷ πρῶτον· διὸ παραπλησίως ἔχει τὰ περὶ τὴν ὑστέραν τοῖς σελάχεσιν.
For the other genera of serpents lay eggs, but the viper alone produces live young, having first laid eggs within itself; wherefore its condition concerning the womb is very similar to the selachians.
Ἡ δὲ τῶν ὄφεων ὑστέρα μακρά, καθάπερ τὸ σῶμα, τείνει κάτωθεν ἀρξαμένη ἀφ’ ἑνὸς πόρου συνεχής, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν τῆς ἀκάνθης, οἷον πόρος ἑκάτερος ὤν, μέχρι πρὸς τὸ ὑπόζωμα, ἐν ᾗ τὰ ᾠὰ κατὰ στοῖχον ἐγγίνεται, καὶ ἐκτίκτει οὐ καθ’ ἓν ἀλλὰ συνεχές.
The womb of serpents is long, like the body, starting from below and extending continuously from a single duct, on each side of the backbone, as if each were a duct, as far as the diaphragm, in which the eggs are produced in a row, and it brings them forth not one by one but continuously.
Ἔχει δὲ τὴν ὑστέραν, ὅσα μὲν ζῳοτοκεῖ καὶ ἐν αὑτοῖς καὶ εἰς τοὐμφανές, ἄνωθεν τῆς κοιλίας, ὅσα δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ, πάντα κάτωθεν πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ.
And all those that are live-bearing both within themselves and externally have the womb above the belly, but all those that lay eggs have it below near the loin.
Ὅσα δ’ εἰς τὸ φανερὸν μὲν ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ, ἐπαμφοτερίζει· τὸ μὲν γὰρ κάτωθεν πρὸς τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτῆς μέρος ἐστίν, ἐν ᾧ τὰ ᾠά, τὸ δὲ περὶ τὴν ἔξοδον ἐπάνω τῶν ἐντέρων.
But those that produce live young externally but lay eggs within themselves are intermediate; for the part of it below near the loin is that in which the eggs are, but the part near the outlet is above the intestines.
Ἔτι δὲ διαφορὰ καὶ ἥδε πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἐστὶ τῶν ὑστερῶν.
And there is also this further difference among the wombs in relation to one another.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ κερατοφόρα καὶ μὴ ἀμφώδοντα ἔχει κοτυληδόνας ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ, ὅταν ἔχῃ τὸ ἔμβρυον, καὶ τῶν ἀμφωδόντων οἷον δασύπους καὶ μῦς καὶ νυκτερίς· τὰ δ’ ἄλλα τὰ ἀμφώδοντα καὶ ζῳοτόκα καὶ ὑπόποδα πάντα λείαν ἔχει τὴν ὑστέραν, καὶ ἡ τῶν ἐμβρύων ἐξάρτησις ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐστὶ τῆς ὑστέρας, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐκ κοτυληδόνος.
For those that are horned and not front-toothed have cotyledons in the womb when they have the embryo, and of the front-toothed ones, such as the hare, mouse, and bat; but all other front-toothed, live-bearing, and footed animals have the womb smooth, and the attachment of the embryos is from the womb itself, and not from a cotyledon.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀνομοιομερῆ ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις μέρη τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐντός.
So then, the non-uniform parts in animals, both the external and the internal, are in this condition.