§3.1#2Τῶν δ’ ἐν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν ἐχόντων τοὺς ὄρχεις οἱ μὲν ἐντὸς ἔχουσι πρὸς τῇ γαστρί, καθάπερ δελφίς, οἱ δ’ ἐκτὸς ἐν τῷ φανερῷ πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς γαστρός.
Of those that have the testicles in front, some have them internally near the belly, such as the dolphin, and others externally in plain sight near the end of the belly.
Τούτοις δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἔχει τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, διαφέρουσι δὲ ὅτι οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν ἔχουσι καθ’ αὑτοὺς τοὺς ὄρχεις, οἱ δ’ ἐν τῇ καλουμένῃ ὀσχέᾳ, ὅσοι ἔξωθεν.
In these, other things are in the same condition, but they differ in that some of them have the testicles by themselves, and others in the so-called scrotum, as many as have them externally.
Αὐτοὶ δ’ οἱ ὄρχεις ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς πεζοῖς καὶ ζῳοτόκοις τόνδ’ ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον.
The testicles themselves in all land-dwelling and live-bearing animals are in the following condition.
Τείνουσιν ἐκ τῆς ἀορτῆς πόροι φλεβικοὶ μέχρι τῆς κεφαλῆς ἑκατέρου τοῦ ὄρχεως, καὶ ἄλλοι ἀπὸ τῶν νεφρῶν δύο· εἰσὶ δ’ οὗτοι μὲν αἱματώδεις, οἱ δ’ ἐκ τῆς ἀορτῆς ἄναιμοι.
Vascular ducts extend from the aorta as far as the head of each testicle, and two others from the kidneys; and these indeed are bloody, while those from the aorta are bloodless.
Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς πρὸς αὐτῷ τῷ ὄρχει πόρος ἐστὶ πυκνότερος ἐκείνου καὶ νευρωδέστερος, ὃς ἀνακάμπτει πάλιν ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῷ ὄρχει πρὸς τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ ὄρχεως· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἑκάτεροι πάλιν εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτουσιν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν ἐπὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον.
And from the head, alongside the testicle itself, is a duct thicker than the former and more sinewy, which bends back again in each of the testicles toward the head of the testicle; and from the head each of them again joins into the same place forward toward the penis.
Οἱ δ’ ἐπανακάμπτοντες πόροι καὶ προσκαθήμενοι τοῖς ὄρχεσιν ὑμένι περιειλημμένοι εἰσὶ τῷ αὐτῷ, ὥστε δοκεῖν ἕνα εἶναι πόρον, ἐὰν μὴ διέλῃ τὸν ὑμένα τις.
The ducts that bend back and lie along the testicles are enclosed in the same membrane, so that they seem to be a single duct unless one divides the membrane.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν προσκαθήμενος πόρος ἔτι αἱματῶδες ἔχει τὸ ὑγρόν, ἧττον μέντοι τῶν ἄνω τῶν ἐκ τῆς ἀορτῆς· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐπανακάμπτουσιν εἰς τὸν καυλὸν τὸν ἐν τῷ αἰδοίῳ λευκή ἐστιν ἡ ὑγρότης.
Now, the duct that lies along them still has a bloody fluid, though less so than the upper ones from the aorta; but in those that bend back into the shaft in the penis, the fluid is white.
Φέρει δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς κύστεως πόρος, καὶ συνάπτει ἄνωθεν εἰς τὸν καυλόν· περὶ τοῦτον δὲ οἷον κέλυφός ἐστι τὸ καλούμενον αἰδοῖον.
And a duct also runs from the bladder, and joins from above into the shaft; and around this shaft, like a sheath, is the so-called penis.
Θεωρείσθω δὲ τὰ εἰρημένα ταῦτα ἐκ τῆς ὑπογραφῆς τῆσδε.
And let these things mentioned be observed from the following diagram.
Τῶν πόρων ἀρχὴ τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτηρίας, ἐφ’ οἷς Α· κεφαλαὶ τῶν ὄρχεων καὶ οἱ καθήκοντες πόροι, ἐφ’ οἷς Κ· οἱ ἀπὸ τούτων πρὸς τῷ ὄρχει προσκαθήμενοι, ἐφ’ οἷς τὰ ΩΩ· οἱ δ’ ἀνακάμπτοντες, ἐν οἷς ἡ ὑγρότης ἡ λευκή, ἐφ’ οἷς τὰ ΒΒ· αἰδοῖον Δ, κύστις Ε, ὄρχεις δ’ ἐφ’ οἷς τὰ ΨΨ. Ἀποτεμνομένων δ’ ἢ ἀφαιρουμένων τῶν ὄρχεων αὐτῶν ἀνασπῶνται οἱ πόροι ἄνω.
The beginning of the ducts from the artery, on which are the letters A; the heads of the testicles and the descending ducts, on which is K; those from these lying along the testicle, on which are the letters ΩΩ; those that bend back, in which is the white fluid, on which are the letters BB; the penis D, the bladder E, and the testicles on which are the letters ΨΨ. And when the testicles themselves are cut off or removed, the ducts are drawn upward.
Διαφθείρουσι δ’ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νέων ὄντων τρίψει, οἱ δὲ καὶ ὕστερον ἐκτέμνοντες· συνέβη δ’ ἤδη ταῦρον ἐκτμηθέντα καὶ εὐθὺς ἐπιβάντα ὀχεῦσαι καὶ γεννῆσαι.
Some destroy them by crushing while they are still young, and others by cutting them out later; and it has already happened that a bull, after being castrated, immediately mounted and copulated and generated.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τοὺς ὄρχεις τοῖς ζῴοις τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον.
So then, the matters concerning the testicles in animals are in this condition.
Αἱ δ’ ὑστέραι τῶν ἐχόντων ὑστέρας ζῴων οὔτε τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἔχουσιν οὔθ’ ὅμοιαι πάντων εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ διαφέρουσι καὶ τῶν ζῳοτοκούντων πρὸς ἄλληλα καὶ τῶν ᾠοτοκούντων.
But the wombs of those animals that have wombs are neither in the same condition nor alike in all, but differ both among the live-bearing ones in relation to one another and among the egg-laying ones.
Δίκροαι μὲν οὖν εἰσὶν ἁπάντων τῶν πρὸς τοῖς ἄρθροις ἐχόντων τὰς ὑστέρας, καὶ τὸ μὲν αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς μέρεσι, τὸ δ’ ἕτερον ἐν τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς ἐστίν· ἡ δ’ ἀρχὴ μία καὶ τὸ στόμα ἕν, οἷον καυλὸς σαρκώδης σφόδρα καὶ χονδρώδης τοῖς πλείστοις καὶ μεγίστοις.
Now, the womb is double-pronged in all those that have the womb near the joints, and one part of them is on the right side, and the other is on the left; but the beginning is one and the mouth is one, like a very fleshy and cartilaginous shaft in most of the largest ones.
Καλεῖται δὲ τούτων τὰ μὲν ὑστέρα καὶ δελφύς (ὅθεν καὶ ἀδελφοὺς προσαγορεύουσι), μήτρα δ’ ὁ καυλὸς καὶ τὸ στόμα τῆς ὑστέρας.
And of these, some parts are called hystera and delphys (whence also they address brothers as 'adelphoi'), and the shaft and the mouth of the womb are called metra.
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ ζῳοτόκα καὶ δίποδα ἢ τετράποδα, τούτων μὲν ἡ ὑστέρα πάντων ἐστὶ κάτω τοῦ ὑποζώματος, οἷον ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ κυνὶ καὶ ὑῒ καὶ ἵππῳ καὶ βοΐ· καὶ τοῖς κερατοφόροις ὁμοίως ταῦτά γ’ ἔχει πᾶσιν.
Now, all those that are live-bearing and biped or quadruped have the womb below the diaphragm, such as man, dog, swine, horse, and ox; and in the horned ones, these things are likewise in all.
Ἐπ’ ἄκρων δὲ αἱ ὑστέραι τῶν καλουμένων κερατίων εἱλιγμὸν ἔχουσιν αἱ τῶν πλείστων.
And at the extremities, the wombs of most of them have a winding of the so-called horns.