§3.1#1## Γ.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἄλλων μορίων τῶν ἐντὸς εἴρηται, καὶ πόσα καὶ ποῖ’ ἄττα, καὶ τίνας ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα διαφοράς· λοιπὸν δὲ περὶ τῶν εἰς τὴν γένεσιν συντελούντων μορίων εἰπεῖν.
So then, regarding the other internal parts, it has been told both how many they are and of what sort, and what differences they have in relation to one another; and it remains to speak about the parts that contribute to generation.
Ταῦτα γὰρ τοῖς μὲν θήλεσι πᾶσιν ἐντός ἐστι, τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀρρένων διαφορὰς ἔχει πλείους.
For these are internal in all females, whereas those of males have more differences.
Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὅλως τῶν ἐναίμων ζῴων οὐκ ἔχει ὄρχεις, τὰ δ’ ἔχει μὲν ἐντὸς δ’ ἔχει, καὶ τῶν ἐντὸς ἐχόντων τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ ἔχει περὶ τὸν τῶν νεφρῶν τόπον, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ γαστρί, τὰ δ’ ἐκτός.
For some of the red-blooded animals have no testicles at all, while others have them indeed, but have them internally; and of those that have them internally, some have them near the loins around the region of the kidneys, others near the belly, and others externally.
Καὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον τούτων τοῖς μὲν συνήρτηται πρὸς τὴν γαστέρα, τοῖς δ’ ἀφεῖται καθάπερ καὶ οἱ ὄρχεις· πρὸς δὲ τὴν γαστέρα συνήρτηται ἄλλως τοῖς τ’ ἐμπροσθουρητικοῖς καὶ τοῖς ὀπισθουρητικοῖς.
And the penis of these is in some attached to the belly, while in others it is suspended like the testicles; and it is attached to the belly in different ways in those that urinate forward and in those that urinate backward.
Τῶν μὲν οὖν ἰχθύων οὐθεὶς ὄρχεις ἔχει, οὐδ’ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἔχει βράγχια, οὐδὲ τὸ τῶν ὄφεων γένος ἅπαν, οὐδ’ ὅλως ἄπουν οὐδέν, ὅσα μὴ ζῳοτοκεῖ ἐν αὑτοῖς.
Now, none of the fishes has testicles, nor does any other thing that has gills, nor the whole class of serpents, nor in general any footless animal, as many as do not produce young alive within themselves.
Οἱ δ’ ὄρνιθες ἔχουσι μὲν ὄρχεις, ἔχουσι δ’ ἐντὸς πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ.
But birds have testicles, and they have them internally near the loins.
Καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων ὅσα ᾠοτοκεῖ, τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει τρόπον, οἷον σαύρα καὶ χελώνη καὶ κροκόδειλος, καὶ τῶν ζῳοτόκων ἐχῖνος.
And of quadruped animals as many as lay eggs, they are in the same condition, like the lizard, the tortoise, and the crocodile; and of the live-bearing ones, the hedgehog.
Τὰ δὲ τῶν ἐντὸς ἐχόντων πρὸς τῇ γαστρὶ ἔχει, οἷον τῶν ἀπόδων μὲν δελφίς, τῶν δὲ τετραπόδων καὶ ζῳοτόκων ἐλέφας· τὰ δ’ ἄλλα φανεροὺς ἔχει.
But other animals that have them internally have them near the belly, such as the dolphin among the footless animals, and the elephant among the quadruped and live-bearing animals; while the others have them visible.
Ἡ δ’ ἐξάρτησις ἡ πρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ τὸν τόπον τὸν συνεχῆ τίνα διαφορὰν ἔχει, πρότερον εἴρηται· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ ὄπισθεν συνεχεῖς καὶ οὐκ ἀπηρτημένοι εἰσίν, οἷον τῷ γένει τῷ τῶν ὑῶν, τοῖς δ’ ἀπηρτημένοι, καθάπερ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.
And what difference the suspension near the belly and the adjacent region has, has been said before; for in some they are continuous from behind and not suspended, like in the class of swine, while in others they are suspended, just as in men.
Οἱ μὲν οὖν ἰχθύες ὄρχεις μὲν οὐκ ἔχουσιν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, οὐδ’ οἱ ὄφεις· πόρους δὲ δύο ἔχουσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὑποζώματος ἠρτημένους ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα τῆς ῥάχεως, συνάπτοντας εἰς ἕνα πόρον ἄνωθεν τῆς τοῦ περιττώματος ἐξόδου· τὸ δ’ ἄνωθεν λέγομεν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ἄκανθαν.
Now, fishes indeed do not have testicles, as has been said before, nor do serpents; but they have two ducts suspended from the diaphragm on each side of the backbone, joining into a single duct above the outlet of the residue; and by "above" we mean the side toward the spine.
Οὗτοι δὲ γίνονται περὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς ὀχείας θοροῦ πλήρεις, καὶ θλιβομένων ἐξέρχεται τὸ σπέρμα λευκόν.
And these, around the season of copulation, become full of milt, and when they are squeezed, the semen comes out white.
Αὐτοὶ δὲ πρὸς αὑτοὺς ἣν ἔχουσι διαφοράν, ἔκ τε τῶν ἀνατομῶν δεῖ θεωρεῖν καὶ ὕστερον λεχθήσεται ἐν τοῖς περὶ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἰδίοις ἀκριβέστερον.
And what difference they have among themselves must be observed from dissections, and will be spoken of later more accurately in the accounts of each of them individually.
Ὅσα δ’ ᾠοτοκεῖ ἢ δίποδα ὄντα ἢ τετράποδα, πάντ’ ἔχει ὄρχεις πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ κάτωθεν τοῦ διαζώματος, τὰ μὲν λευκοτέρους τὰ δ’ ὠχροτέρους, λεπτοῖς πάμπαν φλεβίοις περιεχομένους.
But all those that lay eggs, being either biped or quadruped, have testicles near the loins below the diaphragm, some whiter, some yellower, enclosed by altogether fine small veins.
Καὶ ἀφ’ ἑκατέρου τείνει πόρος συνάπτων εἰς ἕνα, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσιν, ὑπερ τῆς τοῦ περιττώματος ἐξόδου.
And from each of them extends a duct joining into one, just as in the fishes, above the outlet of the residue.
Τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶν αἰδοῖον, ὃ τοῖς μὲν μικροῖς ἄδηλον, ἐν δὲ τοῖς μείζοσιν, οἷον ἐν χηνὶ καὶ τοῖς τηλικούτοις, φανερώτερον γίνεται, ὅταν ἡ ὀχεία πρόσφατος ᾖ.
And this is the penis, which is indistinct in small animals, but in the larger ones, such as in the goose and those of similar size, it becomes more visible when copulation has been recent.
Οἱ δὲ πόροι καὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσι καὶ τούτοις προσπεφύκασι πρὸς τῇ ὀσφύϊ ὑποκάτω τῆς κοιλίας καὶ τῶν ἐντέρων, μεταξὺ τῆς μεγάλης φλεβός, ἀφ’ ἧς τείνουσι πόροι εἰς ἑκάτερον τῶν ὄρχεων.
And the ducts, both in fishes and in these, are attached near the loins below the stomach and the intestines, between the great vein, from which ducts extend to each of the testicles.
Ὥσπερ δὲ τοῖς ἰχθύσι περὶ μὲν τὴν ὥραν τῆς ὀχείας θορός τε φαίνεται ἐνὼν καὶ οἱ πόροι σφόδρα δῆλοι, ὅταν δὲ παρέλθῃ ἡ ὥρα, ἄδηλοι καὶ οἱ πόροι ἐνίοτε, οὕτω καὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων οἱ ὄρχεις· πρὶν μὲν ὀχεύειν, οἱ μὲν μικροὺς οἱ δὲ πάμπαν ἀδήλους ἔχουσιν, ὅταν δὲ ὀχεύωσι, σφόδρα μεγάλους ἴσχουσιν.
And just as in fishes around the season of copulation milt is seen to be present and the ducts are extremely clear, but when the season has passed, even the ducts are sometimes indistinct, so too are the testicles of birds; before copulating, some have them small and others completely indistinct, but when they copulate, they have them extremely large.
Ἐπιδηλότατα δὲ τοῦτο συμβαίνει ταῖς φάτταις καὶ τοῖς πέρδιξιν, ὥστ’ ἔνιοι οἴονται οὐδ’ ἔχειν τοῦ χειμῶνος ὄρχεις αὐτά.
And this happens most conspicuously in ring-doves and partridges, so that some think they do not even have testicles in winter.