§2.17#3Καρχαρόδοντες δὲ πάντες εἰσίν.
And all [serpents] have serrated teeth.
Πλευρὰς δ’ ἔχουσιν ἴσας ταῖς ἐν τῷ μηνὶ ἡμέραις· τριάκοντα γὰρ ἔχουσιν.
And they have ribs equal in number to the days in the month; for they have thirty [ribs].
Λέγουσι δέ τινες συμβαίνειν περὶ τοὺς ὄφεις τὸ αὐτὸ ὅπερ καὶ περὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς τοὺς τῶν χελιδόνων· ἐὰν γάρ τις ἐκκεντήσῃ τὰ ὄμματα τῶν ὄφεων, φασὶ φύεσθαι πάλιν.
And some say that the same thing happens in the case of serpents as in the case of the young of swallows; for if one pricks out the eyes of serpents, they say they grow again.
Καὶ αἱ κέρκοι δὲ ἀποτεμνόμεναι τῶν τε σαύρων καὶ τῶν ὄφεων φύονται.
And the tails of both lizards and serpents, when cut off, grow again.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσιν ἔχει τὰ περὶ τὰ ἔντερα καὶ τὴν κοιλίαν· μίαν γὰρ καὶ ἁπλῆν ἔχουσι, διαφέρουσαν τοῖς σχήμασιν.
In a similar way it is with fishes regarding the intestines and the stomach; for they have a single and simple stomach, differing in its shapes.
Ἔνιοι γὰρ πάμπαν ἐντεροειδῆ ἔχουσιν, οἷον ὃν καλοῦσι σκάρον, ὃς δὴ καὶ δοκεῖ μόνος ἰχθὺς μηρυκάζειν.
For some have it completely intestine-like, such as the one they call skaros, which indeed is thought to be the only fish that ruminates.
Καὶ τὸ τοῦ ἐντέρου δὲ μέγεθος ἁπλοῦν, καὶ ἀναδίπλωσιν ἔχει, ὃ ἀναλύεται εἰς ἕν.
And the size of the intestine also is simple, and it has a folding, which unravels into a single [tube].
Ἴδιον δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων ἐστὶ καὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων τῶν πλείστων τὸ ἔχειν ἀποφυάδας· ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν ὄρνιθες κάτωθεν καὶ ὀλίγας, οἱ δ’ ἰχθύες ἄνωθεν περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν, καὶ ἔνιοι πολλάς, οἷον κωβιός, γαλεός, πέρκη, σκορπίος, κίθαρος, τρίγλη, σπάρος· ὁ δὲ κεστρεὺς ἐπὶ μὲν θάτερα τῆς κοιλίας πολλάς, ἐπὶ δὲ θάτερα μίαν.
But it is peculiar to fishes and to most of the birds to have appendages; but the birds have them below and few in number, while the fishes have them above around the stomach, and some have many, such as the goby, the dogfish, the perch, the scorpion-fish, the kitharos, the red mullet, and the sparos; while the mullet has many on one side of the stomach, and on the other side one.
Ἔνιοι δ’ ἔχουσι μὲν ὀλίγας δέ, οἷον ἥπατος, γλαῦκος· ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ χρύσοφρυς ὀλίγας.
Some have them indeed, but few, like the hepatos and the glaukos; and the chrysophrys also has few.
Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ αὑτῶν, οἷον χρύσοφρυς ὁ μὲν πλείους ἔχει ὁ δ’ ἐλάττους.
And they differ also among themselves, as for instance of the chrysophrys one individual has more, another fewer.
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ οἳ ὅλως οὐκ ἔχουσιν, οἷον οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν σελαχωδῶν· τῶν δ’ ἄλλων οἱ μὲν ὀλίγας, οἱ δὲ καὶ πάνυ πολλάς.
And there are some that do not have them at all, like most of the selachians; while of the others, some have few, and some have very many.
Πάντες δὲ παρ’ αὐτὴν ἔχουσι τὴν κοιλίαν τὰς ἀποφυάδας οἱ ἰχθύες.
And all fishes have these appendages right next to the stomach.
Οἱ δ’ ὄρνιθες ἔχουσι καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ πρὸς τἆλλα ζῷα περὶ τὰ ἐντὸς μέρη διαφοράν.
But birds have differences, both in relation to one another and to other animals, regarding their internal parts.
Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔχουσι πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας πρόλοβον, οἷον ἀλεκτρυών, φάττα, περιστερά, πέρδιξ· ἔστι δ’ ὁ πρόλοβος δέρμα κοῖλον καὶ μέγα, ἐν ᾧ ἡ τροφὴ πρώτη εἰσιοῦσα ἄπεπτός ἐστιν.
For some have a crop before the stomach, like the cock, the ring-dove, the pigeon, and the partridge; and the crop is a hollow and large skin, in which the food, entering first, is undigested.
Ἔστι δ’ αὐτόθι μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ στομάχου στενώτερος, ἔπειτα εὐρύτερος, ᾗ δὲ καθήκει πάλιν πρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν, λεπτότερος.
And there, where it starts from the esophagus, it is narrower, then wider, but where it goes down again toward the stomach, it is thinner.
Τὴν δὲ κοιλίαν σαρκώδη καὶ στιφρὰν οἱ πλεῖστοι ἔχουσι, καὶ ἔσωθεν δέρμα ἰσχυρὸν ἀφαιρούμενον ἀπὸ τοῦ σαρκώδους.
And most of them have a fleshy and firm stomach, and on the inside a strong skin that peels away from the fleshy part.
Οἱ δὲ πρόλοβον μὲν οὐκ ἔχουσιν, ἀλλ’ ἀντὶ τούτου τὸν στόμαχον εὐρὺν καὶ πλατύν, ἢ δι’ ὅλου ἢ τὸ πρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν τεῖνον, οἷον κολοιὸς. καὶ κόραξ καὶ κορώνη.
Others do not have a crop, but instead of this, a wide and broad esophagus, either throughout its whole length or in the part extending toward the stomach, like the jackdaw, the raven, and the crow.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὁ ὄρτυξ τοῦ στομάχου τὸ πλατὺ κάτω, καὶ ὁ αἰγοκέφαλος μικρὸν εὐρύτερον τὸ κάτω καὶ ἡ γλαύξ.
And the quail also has the broad part of the esophagus below, and the aigokephalos and the owl have the lower part slightly wider.
Νῆττα δὲ καὶ χὴν καὶ λάρος καὶ καταρράκτης καὶ ὠτὶς τὸν στόμαχον εὐρὺν καὶ πλατὺν ὅλον, καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ πολλοὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων ὁμοίως.
And the duck, the goose, the gull, the diver, and the bustard have the esophagus wide and broad throughout, and many other birds likewise.
Ἔνιοι δὲ τῆς κοιλίας αὐτῆς τι ἔχουσιν ὅμοιον προλόβῳ, οἷον ἡ κεγχρηΐς.
Some have a certain part of the stomach itself similar to a crop, like the kestrel.
Ἔστι δὲ ἃ οὐκ ἔχει οὔτε τὸν στόμαχον οὔτε τὸν πρόλοβον εὐρύν, ἀλλὰ τὴν κοιλίαν μακράν, ὅσα μικρὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων, οἷον χελιδὼν καὶ στρουθός.
And there are some that have neither the esophagus nor the crop wide, but have a long stomach, as is the case with all small birds, such as the swallow and the sparrow.
Ὀλίγοι δ’ οὔτε τὸν πρόλοβον ἔχουσιν οὔτε τὸν στόμαχον εὐρύν, ἀλλὰ σφόδρα μακρόν, ὅσοι τὸν αὐχένα μακρὸν ἔχουσιν, οἷον πορφυρίων· σχεδὸν δ’ οὗτοι καὶ τὸ περίττωμα ὑγρότερον τῶν ἄλλων προΐενται πάντες.
And a few have neither a crop nor a wide esophagus, but an extremely long one, as is the case with those that have a long neck, like the porphyrio; and almost all of these discharge their excrement more liquid than the others.
Ὁ δ’ ὄρτυξ ἰδίως ἔχει ταῦτα πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους· ἔχει γὰρ καὶ πρόλοβον καὶ πρὸ τῆς γαστρὸς τὸν στόμαχον εὐρὺν καὶ πλάτος ἔχοντα· διέχει δ’ ὁ πρόλοβος τοῦ πρὸ τῆς γαστρὸς στομάχου συχνὸν ὡς κατὰ μέγεθος.
The quail has a peculiar arrangement in these matters compared to the others; for it has both a crop and, before the stomach, a wide and broad esophagus; and the crop is separated from the esophagus before the stomach by a considerable distance in proportion to its size.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ λεπτὸν τὸ ἔντερον οἱ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἁπλοῦν ἀναλυόμενον.
And most of them have a thin intestine, and simple when unraveled.
Τὰς δ’ ἀποφυάδας ἔχουσιν οἱ ὄρνιθες, καθάπερ εἴρηται, ὀλίγας, καὶ οὐκ ἄνωθεν ὥσπερ οἱ ἰχθύες, ἀλλὰ κάτωθεν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἐντέρου τελευτήν.
And the birds have, as has been said, few appendages, and not above like the fishes, but below near the end of the intestine.
Ἔχουσι δ’ οὐ πάντες ἀλλ’ οἱ πλεῖστοι, οἷον ἀλεκτρυών, πέρδιξ, νῆττα, νυκτικόραξ, λόκαλος, ἀσκάλαφος, χήν, κύκνος, ὠτίς, γλαύξ.
And not all have them, but most do, like the cock, the partridge, the duck, the night-raven, the lokalos, the askalaphos, the goose, the swan, the bustard, and the owl.
Ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τῶν μικρῶν τινές, ἀλλὰ μικρὰ πάμπαν, οἷον στρουθός.
And some of the small birds also have them, but extremely small, like the sparrow.