§2.17#2Πάντα μὲν οὖν ἔχει μίαν κοιλίαν, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ ἔντερον· ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἔχει μείζω τὴν κοιλίαν, ὥσπερ ὗς καὶ ἄρκτος (καὶ ἥ γε τῆς ὑὸς ὀλίγας ἔχει λείας πλάκας), τὰ δὲ πολὺ ἐλάττω καὶ οὐ πολλῷ μείζω τοῦ ἐντέρου, καθάπερ κύων καὶ λέων καὶ ἄνθρωπος.
Thus, all [these animals] have a single stomach, and after this the intestine; but some have a larger stomach, like the pig and the bear (and that of the pig at least has a few smooth ridges), and others have a much smaller one, not much larger than the intestine, like the dog, the lion, and man.
Καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ τὰ εἴδη διέστηκε πρὸς τὰς τούτων κοιλίας· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὑῒ ὁμοίαν ἔχει τὰ δὲ κυνί, καὶ τὰ μείζω καὶ τὰ ἐλάττω τῶν ζῴων ὡσαύτως.
And the species of the other animals are distinguished in relation to these stomachs; for some have a stomach similar to the pig's and others to the dog's, both larger and smaller animals likewise.
Διαφορὰ δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτοις κατὰ τὰ μεγέθη καὶ τὰ σχήματα καὶ πάχη καὶ λεπτότητας ὑπάρχει τὰς τῆς κοιλίας, καὶ κατὰ τοῦ στομάχου τῇ θέσει τὴν σύντρησιν.
There is also a difference among these with respect to the sizes, shapes, thicknesses, and thinnesses of the stomach, and in the connection of the esophagus in its position.
Διαφέρει δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἐντέρων φύσις ἑκατέροις τῶν εἰρημένων ζῴων, τοῖς τε μὴ ἀμφώδουσι καὶ τοῖς ἀμφώδουσι, τῷ μεγέθει καὶ πάχει καὶ ταῖς ἐπαναδιπλώσεσιν.
And the nature of the intestines also differs in both of the aforesaid animals, namely those that are not double-toothed and those that are double-toothed, in size, thickness, and foldings.
Πάντα δὲ μείζω τὰ τῶν μὴ ἀμφωδόντων ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ αὐτὰ πάντα μείζω· μικρὰ μὲν γὰρ ὀλίγα, πάμπαν δὲ μικρὸν οὐθέν ἐστι κερατοφόρον.
And those of the non-double-toothed are all larger; for they themselves are all larger; indeed, few of them are small, and absolutely no horned animal is extremely small.
Ἔχουσι δ’ ἔνια καὶ ἀποφυάδας τῶν ἐντέρων, εὐθυέντερον δ’ οὐθέν ἐστι μὴ ἀμφώδουν.
Some have also appendages of the intestines, but no non-double-toothed animal is straight-gutted.
Ὁ δ’ ἐλέφας ἔντερον ἔχει συμφύσεις ἔχον, ὥστε φαίνεσθαι τέτταρας κοιλίας ἔχειν.
The elephant has an intestine that has unions, so that it appears to have four stomachs.
Ἐν τούτῳ καὶ ἡ τροφὴ ἐγγίνεται, χωρὶς δ’ οὐκ ἔχει ἀγγεῖον.
In this the food is also contained, and it has no separate vessel [for it].
Καὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα ἔχει παραπλήσια τοῖς ὑείοις, πλὴν τὸ μὲν ἧπαρ τετραπλάσιον τοῦ βοείου καὶ τἆλλα, τὸν δὲ σπλῆνα ἐλάττω ἢ κατὰ λόγον.
And it has viscera similar to those of pigs, except that the liver is four times the size of an ox's, and the other parts likewise, but the spleen is smaller than in proportion.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ἔχει τὰ περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν ἐντέρων φύσιν καὶ τοῖς τετράποσι μὲν τῶν ζῴων ᾠοτόκοις δέ, οἷον χελώνῃ χερσαίᾳ καὶ χελώνῃ θαλαττίᾳ καὶ σαύρᾳ καὶ τοῖς κροκοδείλοις ἀμφοῖν καὶ πᾶσιν ὁμοίως τοῖς τοιούτοις· ἁπλῆν τε γὰρ ἔχουσι καὶ μίαν τὴν κοιλίαν, καὶ τὰ μὲν ὁμοίαν τῇ ὑείᾳ, τὰ δὲ τῇ τοῦ κυνός.
It is the same way with respect to the stomach and the nature of the intestines also in those animals that are quadrupeds but oviparous, such as the land tortoise, the sea turtle, the lizard, both crocodiles, and all such animals likewise; for they have a simple and single stomach, and some have it similar to the pig's, others to the dog's.
Τὸ δὲ τῶν ὄφεων γένος ὅμοιόν ἐστι καὶ ἔχει παραπλήσια σχεδὸν πάντα τῶν πεζῶν καὶ ᾠοτόκων τοῖς σαύροις, εἴ τις μῆκος αὐτοῖς ἀποδοὺς ἀφέλοι τοὺς πόδας.
The genus of serpents is similar and has almost all its parts comparable to the lizards among the pedestrian and oviparous animals, if one were to give them length and take away their feet.
Φολιδωτόν τε γάρ ἐστι, καὶ τὰ πρανῆ καὶ τὰ ὕπτια παραπλήσια τούτοις ἔχει· πλὴν ὄρχεις οὐκ ἔχει, ἀλλ’ ὥσπερ ἰχθὺς δύο πόρους εἰς ἓν συνάπτοντας καὶ τὴν ὑστέραν μακρὰν καὶ δικρόαν.
For it is scaly, and has its upper and lower parts similar to them; except that it does not have testicles, but like a fish has two conduits joining into one, and a long and bifurcated uterus.
Τὰ δ’ ἄλλα τὰ ἐντὸς τὰ αὐτὰ τοῖς σαύροις, πλὴν ἅπαντα διὰ τὴν στενότητα καὶ τὸ μῆκος στενὰ καὶ μακρὰ τὰ σπλάγχνα, ὥστε καὶ λανθάνειν διὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τῶν σχημάτων· τήν τε γὰρ ἀρτηρίαν ἔχει σφόδρα μακράν, ἔτι δὲ μακρότερον τὸν στόμαχον.
The other internal parts are the same as those of the lizards, except that all the viscera are narrow and long due to the narrowness and length [of the body], so that they are even unnoticeable because of the similarity of their shapes; for it has a very long windpipe, and a still longer esophagus.
Ἀρχὴ δὲ τῆς ἀρτηρίας πρὸς αὐτῷ ἐστὶ τῷ στόματι, ὥστε δοκεῖν ὑπὸ ταύτην εἶναι τὴν γλῶτταν.
The beginning of the windpipe is right by the mouth, so that the tongue seems to be underneath it.
Προέχειν δὲ δοκεῖ τῆς γλώττης ἡ ἀρτηρία διὰ τὸ συσπᾶσθαι τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ μὴ μένειν ὥσπερ τοῖς ἄλλοις.
The windpipe seems to project beyond the tongue because the tongue is drawn back and does not remain in place as in other animals.
Ἔστι δ’ ἡ γλῶττα λεπτὴ καὶ μακρὰ καὶ μέλαινα, καὶ ἐξέρχεται μέχρι πόρρω.
The tongue is thin, long, and black, and it projects to a great distance.
Ἴδιον δὲ παρὰ τὰς τῶν ἄλλων γλώττας ἔχουσι καὶ οἱ ὄφεις καὶ οἱ σαῦροι τὸ δικρόαν αὐτῶν εἶναι τὴν γλῶτταν ἄκραν, πολὺ δὲ μάλιστα οἱ ὄφεις· τὰ γὰρ ἄκρα αὐτῶν ἐστὶ λεπτὰ ὥσπερ τρίχες.
And serpents and lizards have a peculiar feature compared with the tongues of other animals, in that the tip of their tongue is bifurcated, and much more so in serpents; for their tips are thin like hairs.
Ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ φώκη ἐσχισμένην τὴν γλῶτταν.
The seal also has a cleft tongue.
Τὴν δὲ κοιλίαν ὁ ὄφις ἔχει οἷον ἔντερον εὐρυχωρέστερον, ὁμοίαν τῇ τοῦ κυνός· εἶτα τὸ ἔντερον μακρὸν καὶ λεπτὸν καὶ μέχρι τοῦ τέλους ἕν.
The serpent has a stomach like a wider intestine, similar to that of a dog; then the intestine is long and thin, and single to the end.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ φάρυγγος ἡ καρδία, μικρὰ δὲ καὶ νεφροειδής· διὸ δόξειεν ἂν ἐνίοτε οὐ πρὸς τὸ στῆθος ἔχειν τὸ ὀξύ.
The heart is situated upon the pharynx, and is small and kidney-shaped; wherefore it might sometimes seem not to have its pointed end toward the chest.
Εἶθ’ ὁ πλεύμων ἁπλοῦς, ἰνώδει πόρῳ διηρθρωμένος καὶ μακρὸς σφόδρα καὶ πολὺ ἀπηρτημένος τῆς καρδίας.
Then the lung is single, articulated by a fibrous vessel, extremely long, and hung far away from the heart.
Καὶ τὸ ἧπαρ μακρὸν καὶ ἁπλοῦν, σπλῆνα δὲ μικρὸν καὶ στρογγύλον, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ σαῦροι.
And the liver is long and single, and the spleen small and round, just as in the lizards.
Χολὴν δ’ ἔχει ὁμοίως τοῖς ἰχθύσιν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ὕδροι ἐπὶ τῷ ἥπατι ἔχουσιν, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι πρὸς τοῖς ἐντέροις ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.
And it has a gall-bladder in a similar way to fishes; for the water-snakes have it on the liver, while the others have it close to the intestines for the most part.